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Iterative Constructs Review: While Do-While For For For While/do-While For Break Continue

The document discusses various aspects of iterative constructs and functions in C++. It defines blocks and the scope of variables declared within blocks. It explains the differences between while and do-while loops. It describes the components of a for loop, including the initialization, expression and post statements. It discusses nested loops and the maximum level of nesting allowed in C++. It also covers predefined library functions, how to invoke functions, function arguments and return types, type conversion when passing arguments, and random number generation functions.

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MUHAMMAD HASEEB ASHRAF MUHAMMAD ASHRAF
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45 views

Iterative Constructs Review: While Do-While For For For While/do-While For Break Continue

The document discusses various aspects of iterative constructs and functions in C++. It defines blocks and the scope of variables declared within blocks. It explains the differences between while and do-while loops. It describes the components of a for loop, including the initialization, expression and post statements. It discusses nested loops and the maximum level of nesting allowed in C++. It also covers predefined library functions, how to invoke functions, function arguments and return types, type conversion when passing arguments, and random number generation functions.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD HASEEB ASHRAF MUHAMMAD ASHRAF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Iterative Constructs Review

 what is a block? what is special about declaring a variable inside a block?


 what is the difference between while and do-while? Can one replace
the other?
 what does for do? Why is it needed? what is init-statement, expression,
post-statement in for? Can for replace while/do-while? is reverse
possible?
 what is loop variable? Where is it declared in for? What is its scope?
 how is break used inside an iterative construct?
 what is continue? how is it used?
 what is iterate-and-keep-track idiom? what is tracking variable?
 what’s a nested iterative construct? what is inner/outer loop? How many
loops can be nested in C++?

1
Predefined Functions

library code
Name, Return Value, Argument
 function – named group of statements carrying out a particular task that
accepts values and computes the result
 function name – identifier distinguishing the function from others

– example – square root function: sqrt


 argument – the value accepted by the function to use in computation
 return value - value computed by the function
 function accepts arguments of certain type and returns the value of certain
type
 sqrt accepts and returns double
 C++ comes with libraries of code that can be reused in your programs. The
code comes in the form of pre-defined functions
 what is the program that adds pre-defined functions to your code to
produce executable?
 sqrt is a predefined function
 to use a function, need to specify particular include directive:
 to use sqrt #include <cmath>

3
Invocation, Argument Variants
 function call (function invocation) – executing function code from elsewhere in program
 syntax: expression consisting of function name followed by arguments in
parentheses
result = sqrt(9.0);
 semantics: argument is evaluated, function is executed, return value replaces
function invocation
 invocation forms
 in expression – return value replaces invocation in expression evaluation

result = sqrt(9.0) – myVar*5;


 standalone – return value is ignored

srand(55);
 argument variants
 function may have more than one argument

result = pow(myVar, 55);


 an argument is an (arbitrary) expression

result = sqrt(myVar*2 + 9.0);


 nested function call: use of one function call as argument to another

result = sqrt(abs(myVar));
4
Type Changing Functions
 is there a problem with this code?
int a=9, b=2;
double c=a/b;

 casting – explicit type conversion


 static_cast<type> converts to type
 example:

int a=9, b=2;


double c=static_cast<double>(a)/b;
 wrong application of casting:

int a=9, b=2;


double c=static_cast<double>(a/b);

 coercion – implicit type conversion


example:
int a=55;
double c = a + 30;
integer expression coerced to double before assignment

5
Random Number Generation
 (pseudo) random number generation pre-defined functions are used to create events
unpredictable by user (e.g. events in games)
 need to include <cstdlib>
 generates a series of numbers, numbers within single series are (pseudo) random
 srand(seed) – initializes random number generator, needs to be invoked once in the
program, no return value
 seed – integer, selects the (pseudo) random series
 rand() – returns a new integer random number in the series, can be used multiple
times in program, no argument
 the number is from 0 to MAX_RAND – a named constant declared in <cstdlib>
 ranged random idiom:
 to get a random number in a specific range, take a remainder of that range.
Example, random number between 0 and 9 can be obtained as:
int myRandValue = rand() % 10;
 if range does not start at zero, add starting value. Example, random number from 5
to 14:
int myRandValue = rand() % 10 + 5;
6
Selecting Random Series with time()
 time(nullptr) – returns number of seconds since 01/01/1970, good
for initializing unique series, needs <ctime>
 nullptr is there for historical reasons
 selecting series
 srand(1); - repeats series every time you run your program –
good for debugging
 srand(time(nullptr)); - selects unpredictable series every
time you run your program – good for final compilation

srand() rand() invocation


seed 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 41 18467 6334 26500 19169 15724
1 41 18467 6334 26500 19169 15724
2 45 29216 24198 17795 29484 19650
2 45 29216 24198 17795 29484 19650 time()
14987 9212 26926 31604 11201 32623

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