Scribd
Upload
38 views9 pages

Conditinoal Constructs Review

The document discusses iterative constructs such as while, do-while, and for loops. It explains the syntax and semantics of each loop type, provides examples, and discusses concepts like nested loops, the break and continue statements, and common looping idioms like iterating to track a value.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD HASEEB ASHRAF MUHAMMAD ASHRAF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views9 pages

Conditinoal Constructs Review

The document discusses iterative constructs such as while, do-while, and for loops. It explains the syntax and semantics of each loop type, provides examples, and discusses concepts like nested loops, the break and continue statements, and common looping idioms like iterating to track a value.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD HASEEB ASHRAF MUHAMMAD ASHRAF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Conditinoal Constructs Review

 what is a block? what is special about declaring a variable inside a


block? what is a scope of a variable?
 what are conditional constructs? what type of conditional constructs
have we studied?
 what is nested if?
 what is multiway-if? How does multiway-if relate to nested if?
 what is a switch statement? is it better than multiway-if?
 what does break inside switch do?
 what is conditional operator? conditional assignment? what construct
can be used instead?
 what is programming idiom?
 what is a unary, binary, ternary operator?

1
Iterative Constructs

while, for, do-while


Iterative Constructs
 provide
 ability to execute the same code multiple times
 three constructs
 while statement
 do-while statement
 for statement

3
The while Statement
 syntax
while (expression)
body
 semantics expression
 if expression is true then execute body

– body is either a single statement or


a block true false
– iteration: single execution of body
 iterate until expression evaluates to
false body
 example
while (n != 0) {
cin >> n;
if (n > max) max = n;
}

4
while (n != 0 ) { cin >> n; if (n > max) max = n; }

The do-while Statement


 syntax
do
body
while (expression);
 semantics body
 execute body
 if expression is true then iterate again
 iterate until expression evaluates to false
 example
int max=0, n; true
do { expression
cin >> n;
if (n > max) max = n; false
} while (n == 0);

5
The for Statement initStatement
 syntax
for(initStatement;
expression; postStatement)
body
false
expression
 semantics
 execute initStatement
 evaluate expression, if true: iterate true
 iteration:
body
– execute body
– execute postStatement
– repeat expression evaluation
postStatement
 example
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
cout << "i is " << i << endl;
 loop variable - declared inside for
 its scope is body of the loop
 modifying loop variable inside body is poor style, use while instead

6
Iterate and Keep Track Idiom
 what is idiom again?
 often need to iterate while keep track of some value across iterations – maximum
value found, sum, if all positive, etc.
 idiom
 before loop, declare tracking variable to keep track, initialize it

– what is initialization again?


 inside loop, update tracking variable, use branching if necessary to examine
 after loop, use the tracking variable that accumulated the result
 example:

cout << "Input number [0 to quit]: ";


int max, n;
cin >> n; max = n;
while (n != 0) {
cin >> n;
if (n > max) max = n;
}
cout << ”Maximum number: ” << max << endl;

7
Break and Continue with
Iterative Constructs
 break - exits innermost loop
int sum=0;
while(sum < 100) {
int i; cin >> i;
if (i< 0) {
cout << ”found negative number\n”;
break;
}
sum +=i;
}
avoid break with loops as they make code less readable (makes regular loop exit
unnecessary): first try to code loop without it

 continue - skip the remaining statements and start a new iteration (evaluate
expression)
int sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
int intVar; cin >> intVar;
if(intVar < 0) continue;
sum +=i;
} 8
Nesting of Iterative Constructs
 iterative constructs can be nested: one iterative construct may be inside
the body of another
 example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) // outer loop
for (int j = 0; j < 10; ++j) // inner loop
cout << i << j << endl;
 what would this code output?
 note, no need for curly brackets

 nesting may be more than two loops deep


 for/while/do-while can be mixed in nesting
 besides nested loops, loop body may contain other code
 including branching constructs: a branching construct nested in the
loop

You might also like