Constants and Variables Review

 are these constants legal? what is the term for these constants?
 77 .5 5.
 ’a’ ’5’ ’Ab’ ”Ab” true

 what is a named constant? how is it declared? is it better than literal

constant? variable?

 what is
 an expression? expression evaluation? simple? complex?
 operand? operator? arity? unary/binary/ternary?
 precedence? compound assignment?
 increment? decrement? suffix/prefix form?

 what does this mean?

int mytotal=0; int yourtotal(1);

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 Expression Review
what is the value and type of these expressions?

int x=2, y=15; double u=2.0, v=15.0;

-x x+y x-y

x*v y / x x/y y%x x%y

u*v u/v v/u u%v

x*u (x+y)*u u /(x-x)

x++; ++u;

u = --x; u = x--;

u += x; v -= ++x;
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Logical Expressions, IF
 Boolean Algebra
 Boolean (logical) expressions can have two values true or false
 branch of mathematics that deals with this type of logic is called
Boolean algebra
 developed by British mathematician George Boole in the 19th
century
 logical operators in C++
 && - logical “and”, binary
 || - logical “or”, binary
 ! - logical “not”, unary

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 Truth Table for &&
 truth table - lists all combinations of operand values and the value of the
expression for each combinatino
 truth table for && (logical “and’)

p q p && q

false false false

false true false
true false false
true true true

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 Truth Tables for II and !

p q p || q p !p

false false false false true

false true true true false
true false true
true true true

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 Complex Boolean Expressions
 can create complex logical expressions by combining subexpressions
 example
! (p && q)
 a truth table can be used to determine when a logical expression is true

p q p && q !(p && q)

false false false true

false true false true
true false false true
true true true false

 note that & and | are also legal operators, make sure to use correct ones

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Example Boolean Expressions
bool p = true;
bool q = false;
bool r = true;
bool s = p && q;
bool t = p && !q
bool u = !q || r;
bool v = p || !q || !r;
bool w = p && q && !r;
bool x = q || (p && r);
bool y = !(r && !q);
bool z = !(p && q && r);

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Relational Operators: Equality
 relational operators take two operands of any
type, the expression type is boolean
 equality operators
== note the two equal signs
!=
 examples
int i = 32;
int k = 45;
bool q = i == k;
bool r = i != k;

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Relational Operators: Ordering
<
>
>=()
<=()

 examples
int i = 5;
int k = 12;
bool p = i < 10;
bool q = k > i;
bool r = i >= k;
bool s = k <= 12;

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Operator Precedence Expanded
precedence of operators (from highest to lowest)
()
++ --
unary + -
* / %
+ -
> < >= <= !=
==
&&
||
=, compound assignment

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Examples of Relational Operators
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 20;

bool d = a < b;
bool e = a > b;
bool f = (a > b) || (b < c );
bool g = (a > b) && (b < c );
bool h = !(a < b); bool i = !(a==b);
bool j = 2*a == b; bool k = (a+b) >= c;
bool l = !((a+b) != c);
bool m = (a+b) == (c-a);
bool n = (a+b) >= (c-a);

int o=a;
int p=o=b; // what is the outcome of this statement?
bool q=true; q = d = false;

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 Operator Precedence Revisited
same or different?

(a*b)+c a*b + c
a*(b+c) a*b + c
(a+b) > c a + b > c
a+(b>c) a + b > c
(a > b) == (b > c) a > b == b > c
(a == b) > (b == c) a == b > b == c
(a != b) && (c <= d) a != b && c <= d
(a > b) && (c || d) a > b && c || d
(a = b) && c a = b && c

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 Conditional Constructs
 provide ability to alter the order of statement execution
 constructs
 branching
– if-statement
 basic if

 if-else

 selection

– multiway if
– switch-statement

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 Blocks and Local Variables
 block – a sequence of statements enclosed in curly brackets
 block may be placed anywhere a statement can be placed (note curly bracket
position):
if ((saleType == ’W’) || (saleType == ’w’)) {
total = price * number;
}

 a variable can be declared and used within block, such variable is local to the block
and does not exist outside of it
else if ((saleType == ’R’) || (saleType == ’r’)){
double subtotal;
subtotal = price * number;
total = subtotal + subtotal * taxRate;
}

variable scope – area in program where a variable can be used

 what’s the scope of a variable local to a block?
 accessing such variable outside the block is an error

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 Basic If-Statement
 syntax
if (expression) body
 semantics: if the expression is true then
execute body
 body is either a single statement or a block
expression
 example 1:
if (v > 0) v = 0;

true false
 example 2:
if (v < 0) {
v = -v; body
++i;
}

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 Sorting Two Numbers
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
int n1, n2;
cin >> n1 >> n2;

if (n1 > n2) {

const int tmp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = tmp;
}

cout << ”Numbers in order: “

<< n1 << " " << n2 << endl;

programming idiom – a common way of accomplishing a simple task

swapping values of two variables with a third is an idiom
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 If-Else Statement
 syntax
if (expression)
body1
else
body2 expression

 semantics true false

if expression is true then
execute body1 otherwise
execute body2
body1 body2
 example
if (v == 0)
cout << "v is 0";
else
cout << "v is not 0";

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 Arity and Conditional Operator
 ternary operator – operator accepting three operands
 conditional operator is used as an abbreviated form of branching
boolean-expression ? true-expression : false-expression
 if boolean-expression is true, then the value of whole expression is true-expression, or
false-expression otherwise
 conditional assignment statement – conditional operator is used to assign value to
variable
 what branching construct is this assignment statement equivalent to?

int i = j>0 ? j : -j;

 program that calculates the larger number (of two)
int main() {
int n1, n2;
cin >> n1 >> n2;
const int max = n1 > n2 ? n1 : n2;
cout << ”maximum is ” << max << endl;
}
 arity (again) – number of operands an operator accepts. What arities have we studied?

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 Nested Ifs
nested if - one if is the body or inside the block of another
 outer if – enclosing if
 inner If – enclosed if

if (n1 > n2) // outer if

if (n2 > n3) // inner if is the body of outer if
cout << n3; // no need for curly brackets

if (n1 > n2) { // outer if

i++;
if (n2 > n3) // inner if inside block of outer if
cout << n3;
}

nesting may be more than two if-s deep

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 Selection
 want to carry out actions depending on the value of an expression
 two major ways to do this
 multiway if-statement

– if-else statements “glued” together

 switch statement

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 Multiway If-Statement
example

int vclass;
cout << "Enter the vehicle class: ";
cin >> vclass;

if (vclass == 1)
cout << ”Passenger car”;
else if (vclass == 2)
cout << ”Bus”;
else if (vclass == 3)
cout << ”Truck”;
else
cout << ch << ”Unknown vehicle class!”;

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 Switch Statement
 syntax
switch (expression){
case constant:
statements
break; • expression of any “countable”
case constant: type (int, char)
statements • literal or named constant of
default: same type as expression
statements
}
 semantics
 expression is evaluated, execution continues in first matching case
 (optional) default matches any expression value
 break-statement terminates the switch statement, execution continues with
a statement following switch-block
 if case does not end with break, execution continues to next case

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 Switch Example 1
int vclass;
cout << "Enter the vehicle class: ";
cin >> vclass;

switch (vclass){
case 1:
cout << "Passenger car";
break;
case 2:
cout << "Bus";
break;
default:
cout << "Unknown vehicle class! ";
break; // unnecessary but used for consistency
}

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 Switch Example 2
cout << "Enter simple expression: ";
int Left;
int Right;
char Operator;
cin >> Left >> Operator >> Right;
cout << Left << " " << Operator << " " << Right
<< " = ";

switch (Operator) {
case '+' : cout << Left + Right << endl; break;
case '-' : cout << Left - Right << endl; break;
case '*' : cout << Left * Right << endl; break;
case '/' : cout << Left / Right << endl; break;
default: cout << "Illegal operation" << endl;
}

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 Selection
multiway if vs. switch
switch
only integers, characters, etc. for options
easier to read: specific for selection

multiway if
more general (not just integers for options)
 ex: grade > 90 or grade > 80, or grade > 70, etc.
 switch can be recoded as multiway if, reverse not always true
harder to read, use switch if possible

note, unlike regular nested if, multiway if shows options of the same selection
specific indentation style

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 Debugging and Tracing Programs
 specially compiled executables leave information the original source file:
names of variables and source lines
 this allows
 program tracing – suspending program execution at specific source
line and executing program one source line at a time
 variable watching – observing values stored in source program
variables
 breakpoint – line in the source program where execution has to be
suspended

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