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    Semiconductor Devices and Circuits (ECE1002) : by Dr. Namitha A. S., Asst. Professor, SENSE, VIT Vellore

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    Sumanthsai
    When hydrogen atoms are brought close together, their degenerate energy levels split into multiple levels due to interaction between the atoms. As more atoms are added, the levels split further and become a continuum of allowed energy bands. In solids like silicon with approximately 5x1022 atoms per cubic centimeter, the discrete energy levels of individual atoms form continuous valence and conduction bands. Silicon is a semiconductor because it has a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity through doping.

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    Semiconductor Devices and Circuits (ECE1002) : by Dr. Namitha A. S., Asst. Professor, SENSE, VIT Vellore

    Uploaded by

    Sumanthsai
    18 views15 pages
    When hydrogen atoms are brought close together, their degenerate energy levels split into multiple levels due to interaction between the atoms. As more atoms are added, the levels split further and become a continuum of allowed energy bands. In solids like silicon with approximately 5x1022 atoms per cubic centimeter, the discrete energy levels of individual atoms form continuous valence and conduction bands. Silicon is a semiconductor because it has a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity through doping.

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    WINSEM2019-20_ECE1002_ETH_VL2019205004771_Reference_Material_I_04-Dec-2019_2_Energy_bands.pptx

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    When hydrogen atoms are brought close together, their degenerate energy levels split into multiple levels due to interaction between the atoms. As more atoms are added, the levels split further and become a continuum of allowed energy bands. In solids like silicon with approximately 5x1022 atoms per cubic centimeter, the discrete energy levels of individual atoms form continuous valence and conduction bands. Silicon is a semiconductor because it has a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity through doping.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views15 pages

    Semiconductor Devices and Circuits (ECE1002) : by Dr. Namitha A. S., Asst. Professor, SENSE, VIT Vellore

    Uploaded by

    Sumanthsai
    When hydrogen atoms are brought close together, their degenerate energy levels split into multiple levels due to interaction between the atoms. As more atoms are added, the levels split further and become a continuum of allowed energy bands. In solids like silicon with approximately 5x1022 atoms per cubic centimeter, the discrete energy levels of individual atoms form continuous valence and conduction bands. Silicon is a semiconductor because it has a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing electrical conductivity through doping.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Semiconductor devices and

    circuits (ECE1002)
    By

    Dr. Namitha A. S.,


    Asst. Professor,
    SENSE, VIT Vellore
    Energy bands in two interacting H atom
    • Let us consider two identical hydrogen atoms. When they are
    far apart, the allowed energy levels consists of one doubly
    degenerate levels. When they are brought close to each other
    doubly degenerate levels will split into two levels by the
    interaction of atoms.
    Energy levels for interacting 2 &3 H atom system

    Energy levels in isolated atoms

    Dr. G. Swati
    Energy bands in three interacting H atom

    • At lower interatomic distance, degenerate energy levels split into


    three levels.
    • Similarly what happens when you have “N” number of interacting
    atoms in a system?? “N“ number of levels
    Energy bands in isolated atom
    • For an isolated atom, electrons can have discrete energy levels.
    For example levels for isolated hydrogen atom are given by Bohr
    model as following:
    Eh=-13.6/n2 eV
    • Where n is called principle quantum number.
    Energy levels in N no. atoms  N no. of interacting orbitals:

    Can you guess the no of atoms


    combine to form a solid ???

    1022 to 1029 atoms/cm3

    So the number of interacting


    orbitals (N)??
    Fig: Splitting of a degenerate state (same Levels can be renamed as
    energy) into a band of allowed energies
    having N no of atoms bands  continuum of levels
    Energy levels to bands for Silicon
    • As the interatomic distance is further decreased atoms from the (3s and
    3p) will interact and overlap with each other. At equilibrium interatomic
    distance they will again split with four energy state per atom in lower band
    and four energy state in the upper band.
    • Electrons will accommodate the lower energy state (valance band)
    whereas the higher energy band will remain empty (conduction band).
    Energy Band Formation in Silicon

    12
    How Many Silicon Atoms per cm ? -3

    • Number of atoms in a unit cell:


    • 4 atoms completely inside cell
    • Each of the 8 atoms on corners are shared among cells
     count as 1 atom per cell
    • Each of the 6 atoms on the faces are shared among 2
    cells  count as 3 atoms per cell
    Þ Total number of atoms per cell = 4 + 1 + 3 = 8
    • Cell volume:
    (.543 nm)3 = 1.6 x 10-22 cm3
    • Density of silicon atoms
    = (8 atoms) / (cell volume) = 5 x 1022 atoms/cm3
    Band theory of solids
    Metals Insulators Semiconductors

    • CB is partially filled or • Valance electrons form • Smaller band gap


    overlaps VB strong bonds, so they • No electrons in CB at
    • Overlap of the valence are not free to move T=0K
    band and the conduction • CB is completely empty • VB is filled with
    band . • VB is filled with
    • Good conductors of
    electrons
    electrons
    electricity. • Bad conductors of • Doping a possible
    • Valance electrons are electricity. solution
    free to move

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