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The Open Systems Interconnection Model

The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for computer network communication. The OSI model divides network architecture into seven layers, with each layer representing a specific function. These layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document provides details on the functions and responsibilities of each of the seven layers in the OSI model.

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75 views23 pages

The Open Systems Interconnection Model

The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for computer network communication. The OSI model divides network architecture into seven layers, with each layer representing a specific function. These layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document provides details on the functions and responsibilities of each of the seven layers in the OSI model.

Uploaded by

ctadventuresingh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Open Systems

Interconnection model
The Open System
Interconnection Model (OSI)
• The International Standards Organization
(ISO) has developed a universal
architecture for computer communications.
• This standard, Known as the open Systems
Interconnection model, or OSI model.
• The purpose of OSI is to permit
communications among devices made by
manufacturers.
The OSI Model
• Model for understanding and
developing computer-to-computer
communication
• Developed in the 1980s by ISO
• Divides network architecture into
seven layers
OSI Layers
• OSI has seven layers.
• Each layer represents a particular
function.
• It could be, each function is preformed by
a separate piece of hardware or software.
• Sometimes, a single program may
performed the functions of several layers.
The OSI Model
OSI Layers
• All layers are necessary for
communications to occur.
• The ISO-OSI model chooses to divided
the function of computer communications
into seven layers, though more or fewer
could have been chosen.
OSI Layers

• The Lowest layer, Known as physical


Layer or Layer 1,
– is responsible for transmission of bits.
– Is always implemented by using hardware.
– Is encompasses the mechanical, electrical,
and functional interface.
– Is the interface to the outside world
– using electronic signals as specified by
interface standards.
OSI Layers
• The Data Link Layer, Or Layer 2,
– is responsible for ensuring error-free,
– reliable transmission of data.
– Scrutinizes the bits received to determine if
errors occurred during transmission.
– Is able to request retransmission or correction
of any errors using protocols.
OSI Layers
• The Network Layer, or Layer 3,
– is responsible for setting up the appropriate
routing of messages throughout a network
– is concerned with he types of switching
networks used to route the data
• Note:
Physical, Data Link, and Network layers are
usually referred to as the lower layers
OSI Layers
• The Transport Layer, or Layer 4,
– is responsible for isolating the function of
the lower layers from the higher layers
– is responsible for monitoring the quality of
the communication channel
– is responsible for selecting the most cost
efficient communication service.
– accepts messages from higher layers, and
breaks them down into messages that can
be accepted by the lower layers
OSI Layers
• The Session Layer, or Layer 5,
– is responsible for terminating the connection
– requests a logical connection be established
based on the end user’s request
– handles any necessary “log-on” and password
procedures.
OSI Layers
• The Presentation Layer, or Layer 6,
– provides format and code conversion services
– handles any necessary conversion different
character codes; example
ASCII-to- EBCDIC
OSI Layers
• The Application Layer or Layer 7,
– provides access to the network for the end
user
– determines the user’s capabilities on the
network
– some Application Layer software, permit
remote terminal to only access a host
computer; other Application Layer software
might also permit file transfers.
Application Program Interface (API)
• Routine that allows a program to interact with
the operating system
• Belongs to Application layer of OSI Model
• Microsoft Message Queueing (MSMQ)
– API used in network environment
– Stores messages sent between nodes in queues
– Forwards these messages to their destination
OSI Model

Functions of the OSI layer


The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• The TCP/IP Suite
– is a collection of protocols originally designed
for use on an network connecting U.S.
government agencies with universities
performing research
– specifies protocols at various levels of the
OSI model and covers a wide variety of tasks
likely to be performed on an open network
Communication Between Two
Systems
• Token
– Special control frame indicating to rest of
network that a particular node has right to
transmit data
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
– Field in a frame responsible for ensuring that
data carried by frame arrives intact
Communication Between Two
Systems

Data transfer between two systems


Addressing Through the Layers
• Data Link layer address
– Also called MAC address, after Media
Access Control (MAC) sublayer
– Number uniquely defining a network node
– Composed of Block ID and Device ID
– Manufacturer-hard codes the address on the
NIC
Addressing Through the Layers
• Network layer address
– Resides at Network level of OSI Model
– Follows hierarchical addressing scheme
– Can be assigned through operating system
software
IEEE Networking Specifications
• To accommodate shared access for
multiple network nodes, IEEE expanded
OSI Model by separating Data Link layer
into two sublayers:
– Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
– Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
Data Link Layer Sublayers
• LLC
– Upper sublayer
– Provides common interface
– Supplies reliability and flow control services
• MAC
– Lower sublayer
– Appends physical address of destination
computer onto the frame
Subdivided Data Link Layer

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