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Dr. Imran Shah: Stresses in Thin & Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

This document provides a summary of stresses in thin and thick-walled pressure vessels. It begins by defining pressure vessels and classifying them based on dimensions as either thin or thick. It then discusses the differences between thin and thick vessels, including how stress is distributed. The document covers stresses in thin-walled cylindrical and spherical vessels. It provides examples and solutions for stresses in thick-walled cylindrical vessels using Lame's theory.

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Ghaffar Khan
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40 views47 pages

Dr. Imran Shah: Stresses in Thin & Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

This document provides a summary of stresses in thin and thick-walled pressure vessels. It begins by defining pressure vessels and classifying them based on dimensions as either thin or thick. It then discusses the differences between thin and thick vessels, including how stress is distributed. The document covers stresses in thin-walled cylindrical and spherical vessels. It provides examples and solutions for stresses in thick-walled cylindrical vessels using Lame's theory.

Uploaded by

Ghaffar Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 07

Dr. Imran Shah

Mechanics of Material-II
Stresses in Thin & thick-Walled Pressure Vessels
Contents

•Pressure Vessel
•Classifications of Pressure Vessels
•Difference between Thin and Thick Pressure Vessels
•Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
•Exercise Numerical related to Thin-Walled Pressure
Vessels
•Stresses in Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels
•Numerical related to Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels
Pressure vessel
• The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to
store fluids under pressure
• A pipe line through which pressurized fluid flows is
treated as pressure vessel
• Normally pressure vessels are of cylindrical or spherical
shape
• There are several examples of pressure vessels which are
used for engineering purpose
• They include boilers, gas storage tanks, metal tires &
pipelines
• The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast
iron, or ductile such as mild steel
Classification of Pressure Vessels
According to the dimensions
• The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or
thick shell
• If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then
it is called a thin shell
• Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes
• if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is
said to be a thick shell
• Thick shells are used in high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.
Classification of Pressure Vessels
• Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is
the internal fluid pressure (p) and the allowable stress
• If the internal fluid pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin shell
• If the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is said to be a thick shell
According to the end construction
• The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or closed end
• A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open
end vessel
• A tank is an example of a closed end vessel
• In case of vessels having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure
• In case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced
Difference between Thin and Thick Pressure
Vessels
•• Thin
  Pressure Vessels • Thick Pressure Vessels
 t/d 1/10 where t=thickness and d=internal  t/d> 1/10 where t=thickness and d=internal
diameter diameter
 Stress distribution is uniform throughout the  Stress distribution is Non-Uniform (max stress
thickness at inner surfaces and min stress at outer
 Can resist only internal pressure surfaces)
 Can resist both internal as well as external
pressures
Stresses in Thin Pressure Vessels

• Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses


1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress

• Hoop stress:
 Fz  0  1 2t x  p 2r x

pr
1 
t
• Longitudinal 
0   2  2 rt   p  r 2
 Fx stress: 
pr
 2
2t
 1  2 2
• hoop stress 1 is twice as large as the
Stresses in Thin Pressure Vessels

• Points A and B correspond to hoop stress,  ,


1 and longitudinal
stress, 2

• Maximum in-plane shearing stress:

• Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress corresponds to a


45o rotation of the plane stress element around a
longitudinal axis
 max   2  pr2t
Stresses in Thin Pressure Vessels
• Spherical pressure vessel:

1   2  pr
2t

• Mohr’s circle for in-plane


transformations reduces to a point
  1   2  constant

 max(in-plane)  0

• Maximum out-of-plane shearing


stress
 max  121  pr4t
Exercise Numerical
Solution
Exercise Numerical
Solution
Exercise Numerical
Solution
Exercise Numerical
Solution
Exercise Numerical
Solution
Try Yourself
7.102
7.105
7.111
7.112
7.115
7.119
7.120
7.122
7.126
Thick Cylinders
• The problem of determination of stresses in a thick cylinders was first attempted more than 160
years ago by a French mathematician Lame in 1833
• His solution very logically assumed that a thick cylinder to consist of series of thin cylinders such
that each exerts pressure on the other
• This will essentially focus attention on three stress components at any point these stress
components are:
1) Stress along the circumferential direction, called hoop or tangential stress.
2) Radial stress which is stress similar to the pressure on free internal or external surface. (This stress
will also vary in the radial direction & not with ‘Ѳ’ as in tangential stress case.)
3) Longitudinal stress in the direction the axis of the cylinder. This stress is perpendicular to the
plane of the paper. So the longitudinal stress will remain same/constant for any section of the thick
cylinder
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Thick walled cylinders
Numerical
A cast iron cylinder of internal diameter 200 mm and thickness 50 mm is subjected to a pressure of 5
N/mm2. Calculate the tangential and radial stresses at the inner, middle (radius = 125 mm) and outer
surfaces.

Solution:
di = 200 mm or ri = 100 mm ; t = 50 mm ; p = 5 N/ mm2
outer radius of the cylinder, ro = ri + t = 100 + 50 = 150mm

Tangential stresses at the inner, middle and outer surfaces


Numerical
Numerical
Radial stresses at the inner, middle and outer surfaces
Numerical
A thick cylinder of 100 mm internal radius and 150 mm external
radius is subjected to an internal pressure of 60 MN/m2 and an external pressure of 30
MN/m2. Determine the hoop and radial stresses at the inside and outside of the
cylinder together with the longitudinal stress if the cylinder is assumed to have closed
ends.
Solution
Solution
Numerical
An external pressure of 10 MN/m2 is applied to a thick cylinder of
internal diameter 160 mm and external diameter 320 mm. If the maximum hoop stress
permitted on the inside wall of the cylinder is limited to 30 MN/m2, what maximum
internal pressure can be applied assuming the cylinder has closed ends? What will be
the change in outside diameter when this pressure is applied? E = 207 GN/m 2, v =
0.29.
Solution
Solution
Try Yourself
Try Yourself
Thank You

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