Transportation Engineering-Ii: Elements of Road Cross Section

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-II
Lecture-2
Elements of Road cross section
Muhammad Usman Haider

Lecturer
Email:
[email protected]
Road cross section elements
• Carriageway • Side slope
• Shoulder • Kerb
• Roadway width • Guard rail
• Right of way • Side drain
• Building line • Other facilities
• Control line
• Median
• Camber/ cross slope
• Crown
Carriageway:
• It is the travel way which is used for movement of
vehicle, it takes the vehicular loading .
• It may be cement concrete road or bituminous
pavement.
• Width of carriageway is determined on the basis
of the width of the vehicle and the minimum side
clearance for safety.
• As per IRC specification, the maximum width of
vehicle is 2.44m,minimum clearance of 0.68 in
case of single lane and 1.02m in case of double
lane.
WIDTH OF CARRIAGEWAY
SL. NO. Class of road Width of carriageway in ‘m’
1 Single lane 3.75
2 Two lane without raised kerbs 7.0
3 Two lane with raised kerbs 7.5
4 Intermediate lane 5.5
5 Multilane pavement 3.5/lane
WIDTH OF ROADWAY OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF ROADS

SL. No. Road classification Roadway wisth
Plane and rolling terrain Mountainous and steep
terrain
1 NH & SH
a) Single lane 12 6.25
b) two lane 12 6.25
2 MDR
a) Single lane 9 4.75
b) two lane 9 4.75
3 ODR
a) Single lane 7.5 4.75
b) two lane 9 4.75
4 Village roads-single lane 7.5 4
Two lane two-way road
carriagewa
y
Shoulder:
• It is provided along the road edge to serve as an
emergency lane for vehicle.
• It act as a service lane for vehicles that have broken
down.
• The minimum shoulder width of 4.6 m so that a truck
stationed at the side of the shoulder would have a
clearance of 1.85m from the pavement edge.
• IRC recommended the minimum shoulder width is
2.5 m
• It should have sufficient load bearing capacity even in
wet weather.
• The surface of the should be rougher than the traffic
lanes so that vehicles are discouraged to use the
shoulder as a regular traffic.
• The colour should be different from that of the
shoulder
Cycle track
Footpath
Treated
unTreate shoulder
d
shoulder
Width of the roadway or formation width:
• It is the sum of the width of the carriageway or
pavement including separators if any and the
shoulders.
Right of way:
• It is the total area of land acquired for the road
along its alignment.
• It depends on the importance of the road and
possible future development.
• It is desirable to acquire more width of land as the
cost of adjoining land invariably increases very
much , soon after the new highway is constructed.
Building lane:
• In order to reserve sufficient space for future
development of roads, It is desirable to control
the building activities on either side of the road
boundary, beyond the land width acquired for
the land.
Control lines:
• In addition to “building line”, it is desirable to
control the nature of building upto further “set
back distance” .
Traffic separators or median:
• The main function is to prevent head on collision
between the vehicle moving in opposite direction.
• Channelize traffic into streams at intersection.
• Segregate slow traffic and to protect pedestrians.
• IRC recommends a minimum desirable width of 5 m
and may be reduce to 3 m where land is restricted.
• The minimum width of median in urban area is
1.2m.
4-lane divided carriage way or dual carriage
way
Median/
separator
Cross slope or camber:
• It is the slope provided to the road surface in the
transverse direction to drain off the rain water
from the road surface.
• To prevent the entry of surface water into the
subgrade soil through pavement.
• To prevent the entry of water into the bituminous
pavement layer.
• To remove the rain water from the pavement
surface as quick as possible and to allow the
pavement to get dry soon after the rain.
• It is expressed as a percentage or 1V:Nh.
• It depends on the pavement surface and amount
of rainfall.
Shape of the cross slope:
• Parabolic shape(fast moving vehicle)
• Straight line
• Combination of parabolic and straight line
Recommended values of camber for different types of road surface
Sl no. Type of road surface Range of camber in areas of rain
fall range
heavy light
1 Cement concrete and high type 1 in 50(2%) 1 in 60(1.7%)
bituminous pavement
2 Thin bituminous surface 1 in 40(2.5%) 1 in 50(2%)

3 Water bound macadam(WBM) and gravel I in 33(3%) 1 in 40(2.5%)
pavement
4 Earth 1 in 25(4%) 1 in 33(3%)

EXAMPLE-1
In a district where the rainfall is heavy, major
district road of WBM pavement, 3.8 m wide,
and a state highway of bituminous concrete
pavement, 7.0 m wide are to be constructed.
What should be the height of the crown
with respect to the edges in these two cases
?
Too steep slope is not desirable because of the fallowing
reasons
• Uncomfortable side thrust and unequal wear of the tyres as
well as road surface.
• Problem of toppling over highly laden bullock cart and
truck.
• Tendency of most of vehicle travel along the centre line.
Kerb:
• It indicates the boundary between the pavement and
shoulder.
• It is desirable to provide kerbs in urban areas.
• It is of three types
1-Low or mountable kerb:
• It allow the driver to enter the shoulder area with little
difficulty.
• The height of the this type of shoulder kerb is about 10 cm
above the pavement edge with slope to help the vehicle climb
the kerb easily.
2-Semi-barrier kerb:
• It is provided on the periphery of a roadway where
the pedestrian traffic is high.
• Height of about 15 cm above the pavement edge
with a batter of 1:1 on the top 7.5 cm.
• It prevents parking the vehicle but during
emergency it is possible to drive over this kerb with
some difficulty.
3-Barrier type kerb:
• It is provided in built-up area adjacent to the foot
paths with considerable pedestrian traffic.
• The height of the kerb is about 20 cm above the
pavement edge with a steep batter of
1V:0.25H.
kerb
Guard rail
• It is provided at the edge of the shoulder

when the road is constructed on a fill exceeds
3 m.
• It is also provided on horizontal curve so as to
provide a better night visibility of the curves
under the head light of the vehicle.
Guard rail
Road
Parking lane: margins
• These are provided on urban roads to allow kerb parking
• As far as possible only parallel parking should be allowed
as it is safer for moving vehicle.
•It should have sufficient width say 3m
Lay bay:
• These are provided near the public conveniences with
guide map to enable driver to stop clear off the
carriageway.
• It has 3m width,30m length with 15m end tapers on both
sides.
Bus bays:
• These may be provided by recessing the kerb to avoid
conflict with moving traffic.
• It is located atleast 75m away from the
intersection.
Frontage road:
• These are provided to give access to properties along an important
highway with control access to express way or free way
• It may run parallel to the highway and are isolated by separator.
Driveway:
• It connect the highway with commercial establishment like fuel stations,
service stations etc…
• It should be located away from the intersection.
Cycle track:
• It provided in urban areas when the volume of cycle traffic on the road
is very high.
• A minimum width of 2m is provided for cycle track.
Footpath:
• These are provided in urban areas when the vehicular as well as
pedestrian traffic are heavy.
• To protect the pedestrian and decrease accident.
• Minimum width of 1.5m is provided.
Bus
bays
Frontage
road
c/s of highway in hilly area
c/s of road in built-up area
C/S of Flexible pavement
C/S of Rigid pavement

c/s of road in cutting
Guard rails

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-II

Muhammad Usman Haider

WIDTH OF ROADWAY OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF ROADS

2 Thin bituminous surface 1 in 40(2.5%) 1 in 50(2%)

4 Earth 1 in 25(4%) 1 in 33(3%)

• It is provided at the edge of the shoulder

C/S of Rigid pavement

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