Special Concreting Techneques

C. K.
Pithawala College Of Engineering & Technology
Group No. :- 13
Group Members :-
Kinariwala Preet I. -150094106001

Anajwala Parth A.-160093106001
Bhagat Harsh G.-160093106002
Dihora Dhruvil J.-160093106003
Content
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READY MIX UNDERWATER HOT AND COLD Precast Concrete Concrete
CONCRETE CONCRETING WEATHER Pumping
CONCRETING
READY MIX CONCRETE
 “Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away

from the construction site for delivery to the construction site by the truck in a
ready-to-use-condition.”
Need for Ready Mix concrete
 Requirement for higher grades of concrete

 Correct accountability ingredients
 Rapid development of infrastructure industry
 Increased demand of concrete
 Possibility of manufacture of desired grades
 Mega project demands higher output
 Timely supply of reliable concrete
Progressive growth of Ready mix concrete in
India
PHASE TIME PERIOD CEMENT VOLUME OF
IN YEARS CONSUMPTIO R.M.C PER
N IN % YEAR
PHASE I 1992-2010 5-10% of cement 20 million cubic
consumption meter/RMC/year
PHASE II 2020-2050 20-25% of cement 70 million cubic
consumption meter/RMC/year
PHASE III 2050 Onwards 25-40% of cement 100 - 150 million
consumption cubic
meter/RMC/year
Advantages Of Ready Mix Concrete
 Quality assurance
 Elimination of manual errors
 Mass production of concrete possible
 Water cement ratio maintained
 Reduced material wastage
 Labor cost saved
 Design mix as per IS standards resulting in standard deviation and improved
characteristics.
UNDERWATER CONCRETING
 There are often situations such as basements , sewerage ,ducts , harbours , bridges
and marine works ,in which concrete is to be placed underwater.
 Special precaution need to be taken whenever the concrete is to be placed underwater.
 The concrete should be plastic and cohesive but should have good flowability.
Need for Underwater Concrete
 Workability & self compaction

 Cohesion against washout & segregation
 Low heat of hydration
 Controlled set time
 Compressive strength
 Adequate bond
Concrete laying techniques
TREMIE METHOD
 A Tremie is a watertight pipe

 Generally 250mm in dia.
 Funnel shaped hopper at its upper
end and a loose plug at the bottom.
 It is supported on a working platform
above water level.
Bucket placing
PUMP METHOD:
 Pumping concrete directly into its final position, involving both

horizontal and vertical delivery of concrete.
 Pumping concrete has the advantage of operational efficiency
with potential savings of time and labour.
HOT AND COLD WEATHER
CONCRETING
 In countries which experience extreme weather condition special problems are
encountered in preparation, placement and curing of concrete.
 India has regions of extreme hot weather (hot –humid and hot-air)as well as cold
weather .
 The Indian standards dealing with extreme weather concreting are:-

IS: 7861 (Part 1-1975)- Hot weather concreting
IS: 7861 (Part 2-1981)- cold weather concreting
HOT WEATHER CONCRETEING:-
 Hot weather is any combination of the following conditions that tends to impair the quality of
freshly mixed or hardened concrete by accelerating the rate of moisture loss and rate of cement
hydration, or otherwise causing detrimental results:
 High concrete temperature;

 Low relative humidity;
 Wind speed
 Solar radiation.
 High ambient temperature.
Difficulties in Hot Weather:- Precautions:-
Use materials and mix proportions that have a
Increased water demand. good record in hot weather conditions.
Accelerated slump loss. Cool the concrete or one or more of its

ingredients.
Increased rate of setting. Use a concrete consistency that allows rapid
placement.
Increased tendency of plastic shrinkage
Reduce the time of transporting, placing, and
cracking. finishing as possible.
Critical need for prompt early curing Schedule concrete placements to avoid
extreme weather, such as at night or during
favorable weather conditions.
Consider the methods to limit moisture loss
during placing and finishing such as
sunshades, wind screens, fogging, and
spraying.
Effect of High Concrete Temperature
 As concrete temperature increases there is a loss in
slump that is often unadvisedly compensated for
by adding water to the concrete at the jobsite. At
higher temperatures a greater amount of water is
required to hold slump constant than is needed at
lower temperatures
 increase the rate of setting and shorten the length
of time within which the concrete can be
transported, placed, and finished.
 Setting time can be reduced by 2 or more hours
with a 10°C increase in concrete temperature
 There is an increased tendency for cracks to form
both before and after hardening.
 Rapid evaporation of water from freshly placed
concrete can cause plastic-shrinkage cracks before
the surface has hardened.
 Cracks may also develop in the hardened concrete
because of increased drying shrinkage due to
higher water contents or thermal volume changes
as the concrete cools.
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking :-
 Associated with hot-weather concreting,

 It can occur any time ambient conditions produce rapid evaporation of moisture from
the concrete surface.
 These cracks occur when water evaporates from the surface faster than it can rise to the
surface during the bleeding process.
 Rapid drying shrinkage creates tensile stresses in the surface that often result in short,
irregular cracks.
 Plastic shrinkage cracking increases with:

1. Low air temperature
2. High concrete temperature
3. Low humidity
4. High wind speed
Methods to Minimize Plastic
Drying Shrinkage
 Use of a fog spray will raise the relative humidity of the
ambient air over the slab, thus reducing evaporation from the
concrete.
 Fog nozzles atomize water using air pressure.
 Spray application of temporary moisture-retaining films

(usually polymers).
 Reduction of time between placing and the start of curing by

eliminating delays during construction.
COLD WEATHER CONCRETING:-
Cold weather is defined by ACI PREPERATION FOR

CONCRETING
Committee 306 as a period when
Preparations should be made to
for more than 3 successive days protect the concrete; enclosures,
the average daily air temperature windbreaks, portable heaters,
drops below 5°C (40°F) and stays insulated forms, and blankets
below 10°C (50°F) for more than should be ready to maintain the
one-half of any 24 hour period. concrete temperature.
Under these circumstances, all Forms, reinforcing steel, and
materials and equipment needed embedded fixtures must be
for adequate protection and clear of snow and ice at the
curing. time concrete is placed.
Normal concreting practices can Thermometers and proper
storage facilities for test
be resumed once the ambient
cylinders should be available to
temperature is above 10°C (50°F) verify that precautions are
for more than half a day. adequate.
Effect of
Temperature
on Strength
Development
PRECAST CONCRETE
 Precast concrete means a concrete member that is cast and cured at a location other
than its final designated location. The use of reinforced concrete is a relatively recent
invention, usually dated to 1848 when jean-Louis Lambot became the first to use it.
Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden tubs in 1868,
and later patented reinforced concrete beams and posts for railway and road guardrails.
Methods of Attachment of Precast Concrete
Members
Weld Plates
 The most common method of attachment

of precast members is by use of steel
weld plates. Typically, the precast
members have embedded plates that can
be used as welding surfaces for loose
connecting plates or angles
Rebar
 Used typically with slabs, reinforcing bars

are spliced into slabs and grouted in place
 and Grout
Advantages of Precast Concrete Construction
 Very rapid speed of erection

 Good quality control
 Entire building can be precast-walls, floors , beams , etc.
 Rapid construction on site
 High quality because of the controlled conditions in the factory
 Restressing is easily done which can reduce the size and number of the structural
members.
CONCRETE PUMPING
Concrete pumping is a more efficient way of pouring concrete, using a machine to transfer
liquid concrete. There are two basic types of pumps that are used, one is known as a
‘boom pump’ and the other is commonly called a ‘line pump’.
There are two types of concrete pumps:

Boom pump - these are self-contained units that consist of the frame and a truck. They
have a long reach and are often used to pour concrete in high up or hard to reach locations.
 Line pump - these are portable units that are versatile and able to pump structural
concrete, plus mortar, shotcrete, grout, wet screeds and foamed concrete.
Uses of Concrete Pumping
 Residential projects like walls, foundations and patios.

 Agricultural projects like sheds, barns, silos and bunkers.
 Civil projects like hydro stations, water treatment plants or bridges.
 Commercial or industrial projects like high rise buildings, ice rinks, strip malls and
factories
Advantages of Concrete Pumping
Saves Time
Speed of the pour is always an important factor when it comes to any-sized construction project. One of the benefits of concrete pumping is
that it is a faster way to place concrete over more traditional methods. Faster placement means you’re able to stay within any deadlines and
you can use just the one piece of equipment to complete one pour. When concrete pumping isn’t used, smaller equipment may have to be
moved around to different spots to finish off one pour.
Improves Productivity
With concrete pumping, less water is needed than with other methods. This means that when the concrete is placed it won’t shrink and crack
at all and it will maintain its strength. It kind of goes without saying how important it is for concrete to be strong and secure over time.
Greater Accuracy
 Using a boom or a line pump for pumping concrete is going to improve your pouring accuracy. For complex locations, high-rise
buildings or insulated concrete form walls, accuracy is of the utmost importance.
Reduced Labor Costs

 Concrete pumping generally requires less in the way of labor than other methods of concrete pouring. The site will seem less congested,
and you can also use key personnel for other important tasks when the concrete is placed directly.
Improved Employee Safety

Overall, using either type of concrete pumping system is just more convenient than the old mix and pour methods. Boom arms can actually
reach over top of house or other structures to place the concrete in locations where other types of machinery can’t reach.
Thank you

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C. K.

Pithawala College Of Engineering & Technology

Kinariwala Preet I. -150094106001

 “Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away

 Requirement for higher grades of concrete

 Workability & self compaction

 A Tremie is a watertight pipe

 Pumping concrete directly into its final position, involving both

 The Indian standards dealing with extreme weather concreting are:-

 High concrete temperature;

Accelerated slump loss. Cool the concrete or one or more of its

 Associated with hot-weather concreting,

 Plastic shrinkage cracking increases with:

 Fog nozzles atomize water using air pressure.

 Spray application of temporary moisture-retaining films

 Reduction of time between placing and the start of curing by

Cold weather is defined by ACI PREPERATION FOR

 The most common method of attachment

 Used typically with slabs, reinforcing bars

 Very rapid speed of erection

There are two types of concrete pumps:

 Residential projects like walls, foundations and patios.

Reduced Labor Costs

Improved Employee Safety

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