Lighting Energy Management and

Energy Efficiency Measures

Covid-19 crisis: electricity demand as
a real-time indicator

How to stop COVID-19 from hiking up your energy bill

Agenda 01 Introduction

02 Lighting Eff. Measures

03 Efficiency vs Efficacy

04 Spectrally Enhanced
Lighting

05 Lighting Control

06 Daylight Harvesting

07 Lighting Maintenance
Introduction
What is light?

Light is the part of the

electromagnetic spectrum
that is perceived by our
eyes. The wavelength range
is between 380 and 780 nm.
The cones come on during
the day and we see colors,
whereas at night the rods
take over and we only see
shades of grey. Source: Zumtobel, The Lighting Handbook
Natural Light
Natural light or even called
Sunlight is a portion of the
electromagnetic irradiation given
by the sun.

Color Temperature: 5000 – 6500 K

5600 K at noon
Artificial Light
Illuminance: ~100,000 lux
Artificial lighting is the deliberate
use of man made artificial lighting
sources to achieve a practical or
aesthetical effect
 The Importance of Lighting
Lighting improves mood,
02 energy and alertness
Lighting helps create a secure and
comfortable environment 01
.

Lighting is a major contributor

04 in life safety measures

Lighting can have a significant impact on

your concentration and productivity
03
Lighting Basics

Lighting Quality Lighting Quantity

– Light Color – Technology
– Ability to See Colors – Design
– Glare/Design (Impacts – Maintenance
People & Productivity)
Lighting Quality
Lighting Quality
Considerations
Lighting Temperature

Color Rendering Index

Glare

Uniformity
Color Temperature
(CCT)
Light Color Temperature describes
the color appearance of the light. It
is measured in degrees Kelvin (K).

Color Temperature is an indication

of the hue of a specific light
source.

Higher temperatures indicate

whiter, cooler colors, while lower
temperatures indicate yellower,
warmer colors.
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure from 0 to
100 of how faithfully the light source illuminates colors
when compared to an incandescent source

To effectively compare the CRI of different light sources,

the color temperature should be the same.

Color Temperature can also affect how color

is perceived even if CRI is high
Glare
Glare is a visual sensation caused by excessive
and uncontrolled brightness. It can be disabling
or simply uncomfortable. It is subjective, and
sensitivity to glare can vary widely. Glare results
in discomfort

Uniform Glare Rating (UGR) specified by ISO

8995 considers background reflectivity, luminaire
characteristics, and Guth position index (relates
to luminaire’s displacement from observer’s line
of sight)

Visual comfort probability (VCP) indicates the

percent of people who are comfortable with the
glare (brightness) from a fixture—used in USA
Source: Zumtobel, The Lighting Handbook
Uniformity
Uniformity is the even distribution of light across the task plane, horizontal or
vertical.

Uniformity U0 is defined as the quotient Ēmin/Ē of minimum and average

illuminance in the visual task area
Lighting Quantity
 Basic Lighting Parameters
Luminous flux (lm)
The luminous flux describes the quantity of light
emitted by a light source.

Illuminance (Lux)
Illuminance describes the quantity of luminous
flux falling on a surface

Luminous Intensity (Cd)

The luminous intensity describes the quantity of
light that is radiated in a particular direction.
 Amount of Light Required
For Specific Applications
We often use more light than is needed for
many applications and tasks

Consensus standards for light levels are set

by the Illuminating Engineering Society
(IES.org) and the Committee for European
Standardization (CEN)
Amount of Light Required
For Specific Applications
Lighting Energy
Management
 MENA Lighting Policy Facts
Phasing out inefficient lighting in the MENA
region would save

31.8 of yearly electricity consumption (an average

TWh of 6% of the total energy consumption)

10 Mt Reduce CO2 emissions by an average of 2%

of the total emissions
CO2
5M This would be equivalent to removing about 5
million vehicles off the road
Vehicles
7 countries banned Incandescent Lights
Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and UAE

6 countries distributed 100 million CFLs

Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon, Iran, Turkey and UAE

Source: Middle East Lighting Association

Lighting Energy Management
• Lighting is an important part of any Energy Management
Program:
• It is always there: Industrial, commercial, health care,
educational, etc.
• Lighting represents major energy consumer in some sectors
- 15 to 30% of electrical bill in commercial and health care
facilities
- 30 to 50% in educational and residential facilities
- 3 to 10% in industrial facilities
• High energy saving potential usually exists
• Lighting affects humans productivity and comfort Note: School in example is located in moderate
climate area (lower AC requirements)
• Lighting also affects AC Cooling/Heating Load
Lighting Energy Management
Electricity consumption intensities (kWh) by end use, 2012

100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
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Lighting Non-Lighting

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY (CBECS) - US ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

Is your facility
well lit?

68%
A study conducted by the American
Society of Interior Design revealed that
68% of employees complain about the
lighting situation in their workplace.

Lighting is considered a “quick hit”

by many building owners and
managers looking to save energy

D
and reduce costs.

D D
D
D
  Easy to identify
Lighting Energy  Easy to estimate
 Easy to implement
Conservation Measures  Quick payback
are considered low
hanging fruits
The Four Principles of Efficient Lighting

Quantity + Control Text Here

Quality
Efficiency Commission Text Her

Commission
Determine how the lighting
much light is system to
needed, Use efficient Use lighting
ensure proper
appropriate luminaires controls to
operation and
quality and where designed to automate the
maintain the
is it needed. satisfy these amount,
system through
(Amount, quality criteria distribution and
periodic audits
and Distribution) scheduling
.
& maintenance
.
Opportunities for
Improvements
Quantitative: Power density –
Light Level – Control (operating
hours)

Qualitative: Quality of Light

 Lighting Efficiency measures
Efficiency of the lighting source
1

2 Lamp Life

3 Light quality: Color appearance and rendering

4 Light distribution

5 Control and use of daylight

6 Luminaire Maintenance
Luminaire Efficiency vs Efficacy
Why considering the Lamp Life?
Not ONLY INITIAL COST consider Lifetime Owning and Operating Cost
(LOC) or the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of any lighting system
What is Spectrally Enhanced Lighting
(SEL)?
Visual benefits were discovered during the 1990’s in US DOE studies.
Human eyes response better to lights that include more blue in their spectrum at normal light levels.
High color temperature lamps that produce blue light maximize the scotopic response, shrink pupil size &
improve brightness perception & visual performance.
According to the IES, higher CCT light sources can be a more effective approach to efficient visual performance
than higher illumination levels.
Scotopic vs Photopic
Luminaire’s position
The closer the better
Lower the lighting fixtures to the lowest possible clear height
imposed by the application or space
 In a high bay facility, the lights are mounted on the ceiling which is
12 meters above the floor. The lighting level on the floor is 500 lux.
No use is made of the space between 8 meters and 12 meters
above the floor.

Using the fundamental law of illuminance, what would be the light

Example

level in lux directly below a lamp if the lights were lowered to 8

meters?

Hint: Draw a “before” and “after” diagram…ask “what is the same”? I

is the same. So use E1 x D12 = I = E2 x D22. E1 = 500 lux, so solve
for E2.

Answer: E2 = Lux = 500(122/82) = 1,125 lux

Consider Task Lighting
Task-ambient lighting refers to designs in which a general uniform
lighting system is supplemented with local task luminaires.
Task-ambient design approaches save energy when compared
with most general lighting strategies, because higher light levels
are provided for the task areas only
 Task-ambient Lighting
Established office design technique:
Ambient (adjustable – IESNA
recommends 150lux)
Task (supplements ambient level)

It is an efficient glare control

technique and helps reducing the
energy consumption.
Lighting Control
Is keeping lamps on cheaper than turning them off?

The simplest and most effective energy conservation measure for a

lighting system is to turn off the lights when not used.
Switching off lamps when not in use saves energy, extends lamp life
(service life) and reduces maintenance cost (re-lamping labor and
lamps)

Turning off T8 lamps 12hrs/day, decreases the average rated lamp

life from 35,000 hrs to 28,860 hrs but the service life is extended.
The consumed starting energy is negligible
Lighting Control Techniques
• Bi-level switching

• Dimming

• Scheduling (i.e. via a BMS system)

• Time Relays

• Vacancy sensors (like an occupancy sensor but operated in manual “on”

“auto-off” mode

• Photocells (Solid state silicone sensors are better than Cadmium-sulfide

cells)
Reducing hours & saving money
The frequency of building occupation and the amount of natural daylight that enters a
workspace or area should influence design decisions on the type and nature of lighting
controls to be utilized.
If an area is infrequently used and lights are not routinely switched off when not required a
simple presence detector, appropriately positioned, would be a useful automatic control.
If there is a significant amount of natural light entering into the area, then it would also be
prudent to include either a separate daylight sensor or a daylight sensor which is integrated
within the presence detector.
Daylight Harvesting
DLH is an energy management strategy that uses electronic
lighting control to automatically adjust the output of the
electric lighting system based on the amount of daylight
entering the space.
Control must meet the visual & comfort needs of occupants
as daylight varies.

System control elements:

• Electronic dimming ballasts
• Photo sensors

DLH controls require significant commissioning effort to

reach full energy savings potential, including calibration &
functional testing.
Maintenance
Proper maintenance is the most neglected, most cost effective means of reducing overall
cost of lighting.

Regular maintenance should be performed to keep the lighting system perform as designed.

When maintenance is not performed, lighting system will perform at 50-60% of their initial
capability

Major maintenance problems:

• Lamp burnouts or missing lamps
• Dirt stacking. Dirt tracks around HVAC diffusers can indicate lack of maintenance
• Broken or cracked lenses
• Damaged louvers
• Bad contact between lamps and sockets
• Mixed lamps
Six steps maintenance plan
1. Survey facility to identify & record maintenance condition of each lighting
system

2. Prepare lighting maintenance policy so that correct lamps & ballasts are used
and cleaning is done

3. Schedule group re-lamping of individual areas

4. Clean fixtures at time of re-lamping

5. Consolidate bulbs and tubes to reduce inventory of number of different types

of lamps

6. Incorporate scheduled maintenance in new and upgrade projects

Group Re-Lamping
IESNA recommends group re-lamping at 70% rated life
which corresponds to 10% burnout rate

Benefits of group re-lamping:

• Fewer work interruptions
• Lower labor cost
• More light
• Fewer un-replaced burnouts
• Less lamp stocking

This method can be applied by buying 10% more lamps

and storing them. The overstock are used for spot re-
lamping. When stock is gone, it is time for group re-
lamping.
 Spot Relamping Group Relamping

(on burn out) (@70% of rated life)

Re-lamp cycle 20,000 Hours 14,000 Hours

Average re-lamps 525 relamps/yr 750 relamps/yr

Average material cost $1,391 /year $1,988 /year

Example

Average labor cost $3,150 /year $1,125 /year

Average disposal cost $263 /year $375 /year

Average maintenance budget $4,804 /year $3,488 /year

Total cost: $9,608 /year $6,976 /year

Assumptions:

Material $2.65 /lamp $2.65 /lamp

Labor (re-lamp & clean) $6.00 /lamp $1.50 /lamp

Disposal (recycle) $0.50 /lamp $0.50 /lamp

Operation 3,500 hours/yr 3,500 hours/yr

Fixtures 1,000 No. 1,000 No.

Lamps / Fixtures 3 F32T8 3 F32T8

Lighting Site Survey
Site Survey to Collect Lighting System & Operation Data
• Type of lighting fixtures (lamps) per area (FL., CFL. HPS, etc.)
• Quantity of lighting fixtures per area
• Operating hours/day, week, year
• Electricity tariff details (cost of energy €€/kWh)
• Application and pattern of area usage (continuous, frequent, rare)
• Room dimensions (a must for re-design cases)
• Measure actual (existing) light levels with Lux Meter
• Circuit Voltage
• Daylight/Windows
• Age (very old lighting systems mostly needs retrofitting)
Lighting Site Survey
Existing Lighting
Working Hrs
Lighting Level

Energy Consumption
Fixture Wattage [W]
Lighting Description

Energy Cost [XX]

[LUX]

Total Load [kW]

Area

Quantity

[kWh]
Months
Hours

Days
Measured

Standard
GF main Building-Packing, Dough, Export and Thyme sections
Cooking Section Flood Light 400 2 70 - 100 10 24 12 0.8 2,304.0 228.7
Dough section FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 5 70 - 100 10 24 12 0.5 1,296.0 128.7
Export section Flood Light 400 4 70 - 100 5 26 4 1.6 832.0 82.6
FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 10 10 24 12 0.9 2,592.0 257.3
Thyme section 120
CFL Bulb 24W 24 1 10 24 12 0.0 69.1 6.9
FL Single Tube 1X18 22 3 10 24 12 0.1 190.1 18.9
Powder section 50 - 80
FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 10 10 24 12 0.9 2,592.0 257.3
Outside Area-Maintenance section
Room 54 FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 3 50 5 26 4 0.3 140.4 13.9
FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 1 5 26 4 0.1 46.8 4.6
Room 55 65
FL Single Tube 1X36 45 1 5 26 4 0.0 23.4 2.3
Room 52 FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 6 78 5 26 4 0.5 280.8 27.9
Warehouse FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 2 5 26 4 0.2 93.6 9.3
Compressor Room FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 1 5 26 4 0.1 46.8 4.6
FL Double Tubes 2X36 90 2 24 30 12 0.2 1,555.2 154.4
Boiler Room 55
FL Single Tube 1X36 45 1 24 30 12 0.0 388.8 38.6
Room beside Boiler FL Single Tube 1X36 45 3 10 24 12 0.1 388.8 38.6
Flood Light 400 1 10 24 12 0.4 1,152.0 114.4
Bathroom FL Single Tube 1X36 45 3 10 24 12 0.1 388.8 38.6
Screening section
Thank You