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    Classification of Transducers

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    dhivya a
    1) Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. They can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical, acoustic, thermal, nuclear, or a combination. 2) Transducers are classified as primary or secondary, active or passive, and analog or digital. Primary transducers directly sense input signals, while secondary transducers require a sensor. Active transducers generate their own output signal, while passive transducers require an external power source. Analog transducers produce continuous outputs, while digital transducers produce pulse outputs. 3) Common electrical transducers include resistance, capacitance, and inductance transduc

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    Classification of Transducers

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    dhivya a
    68 views19 pages
    1) Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. They can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical, acoustic, thermal, nuclear, or a combination. 2) Transducers are classified as primary or secondary, active or passive, and analog or digital. Primary transducers directly sense input signals, while secondary transducers require a sensor. Active transducers generate their own output signal, while passive transducers require an external power source. Analog transducers produce continuous outputs, while digital transducers produce pulse outputs. 3) Common electrical transducers include resistance, capacitance, and inductance transduc

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    1) Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. They can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical, acoustic, thermal, nuclear, or a combination. 2) Transducers are classified as primary or secondary, active or passive, and analog or digital. Primary transducers directly sense input signals, while secondary transducers require a sensor. Active transducers generate their own output signal, while passive transducers require an external power source. Analog transducers produce continuous outputs, while digital transducers produce pulse outputs. 3) Common electrical transducers include resistance, capacitance, and inductance transduc

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    68 views19 pages

    Classification of Transducers

    Uploaded by

    dhivya a
    1) Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. They can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical, acoustic, thermal, nuclear, or a combination. 2) Transducers are classified as primary or secondary, active or passive, and analog or digital. Primary transducers directly sense input signals, while secondary transducers require a sensor. Active transducers generate their own output signal, while passive transducers require an external power source. Analog transducers produce continuous outputs, while digital transducers produce pulse outputs. 3) Common electrical transducers include resistance, capacitance, and inductance transduc

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Classification

    of Transducers
    Introduction
     Transducer is defined as a device, which converts
    energy or information from one form to another.
     A better measurement of a quantity which is more
    conveniently or accurately displayed.
    Introduction(cont’d)
     For example, the common mercury thermometer
    converts variations in temperature into variations
    in the length of a column of mercury. Since the
    variation in the length of the mercury column is
    rather simple to measure, the mercury
    thermometer becomes a convenient device for
    measuring temperature.
    Definition
     Transducer is a device which when actuated by energy
    in one transmission system supplies energy in the same
    form or in another form to a second transmission
    system.

     The transducer may be mechanical, electrical,


    magnetic, optical, chemical, acoustic, thermal nuclear,
    or a combination of any two or more of these.
    ELECTRICAL
    TRANSDUCERS
     Mostly quantities to be measured are non-
    electrical such as temperature, pressure,
    displacement, humidity, fluid flow, speed etc., but
    these quantities cannot be measured directly.
     Hence such quantities are required to be sensed
    and are to be converted into electrical quantities
    first and then measured into some other form for
    easy measurement.
    Basic Requirements Of a Transducer
    (cont’d)

     Ruggedness. It should be capable of withstanding overload


    and some safety arrangement should be provided for
    overload protection.
     Linearity. Its input-output characteristics should be linear and
    it should produce these characteristics in symmetrical way.
     Repeatability. It should reproduce same output signal when
    the same input signal is applied again and again under fixed
    environmental conditions e.g. temperature, pressure,
    humidity etc.
    Basic Requirements Of a
    Transducer (cont’d)
     High Output Signal Quality. The quality of output signal
    should be good i.e. the ratio of the signal to the noise should
    be high and the amplitude of the output signal should be
    enough.
     High Reliability and Stability. It should give minimum error
    in measurement for temperature variations, vibrations and
    other various changes in surroundings.
     Good Dynamic Response. Its output should be faithful to
    input when taken as a function of time. The effect is
    analyzed as the frequency response.
    Basic Requirements Of a
    Transducer (cont’d)
     No Hysteretic. It should not give any hysteretic
    during measurement while input signal is varied
    from its low value to high value and vice-versa.
     Residual Deformation. There should be no
    deformation on removal of load after long period
    of application.
    Classification Of Transducers
     Primary and Secondary Transducers: When the
    input signal is directly sensed by the transducer
    and physical phenomenon is converted into the
    electrical form directly then such a transducer is
    called the primary transducer.
    1-Primary and Secondary
    Transducers(cont’d)
    For example a thermistor used for the measurement of
    temperature fall in this category. The thermistor senses
    the temperature directly and causes the change in
    resistance with the change in temperature.
     When the input signal is sensed first by some detector
    or sensor and then its output being of some form other
    than input signals is given as input to a transducer for
    conversion into electrical form, then such a transducer
    falls in the category of secondary transducers.
    Primary and Secondary
    Transducers(cont’d)
     For example, in case of pressure measurement,
    bourdon tube is a primary sensor which converts
    pressure first into displacement, and then the
    displacement is converted into an output voltage
    by an LVDT. In this case LVDT is secondary
    transducer.
    2-Active and Passive Transducers.
     Self-generating type transducers i.e. the
    transducers, which develop their output the form
    of electrical voltage or current without any
    auxiliary source, are called the active transducers.
    Active and Passive
    Transducers(cont’d)
     Transducers, in which electrical parameters i.e.
    resistance, inductance or capacitance changes with
    the change in input signal, are called the passive
    transducers.
     These transducers require external power source
    for energy conversion.
     Resistive, inductive and capacitive transducer falls
    in this category.
    3-Analog and Digital Transducers
     Analog transducer converts input signal into
    output signal, which is a continuous function of
    time such as thermistor, strain gauge, LVDT,
    thermo-couple etc.
     Digital transducer converts input signal into the
    output signal of the form of pulse e.g. it gives
    discrete output.
    Types of Electrical Transducers
    Electrical Parameter Principle of operation Application

    Resistance:
    1.Potentiometric device Positioning of slider by an Pressure, displacement
    external force varies the
    resistance in a potentiometer

    2.Strain gauge Resistance of wire is changed by Force,torque,


    compression due to externally displacement
    applied stress

    3.Thermistor Resistance of certain metal Temperature


    oxides with negative
    temperature coefficient of
    resistance varies with
    temperature.
    4.Resistance hygrometer Resistance of conductive strip Relative humidity
    changes with moisture content
    Capacitance:
    Variable capacitance Distance between two Displacement, pressure
    pressure gauge parallel plates is varied
    by an external applied
    force.
    Capacitor microphone Sound pressure varies the Speech,music
    capacitance between
    fixed plate and movable
    diaphragm.

    Dielectric gauge Variation in capacitance Liquid level, thickness


    by changes in dielectric
    Inductance:
    Reluctance pickup Reluctance of the Pressure, displacement,
    magnetic circuit is varied vibration
    by changing the position
    of the iron core of coil

    Differential transformer The differential voltage Pressure, force,


    of two secondary displacement
    windings of a transformer
    is varied by positioning
    the magnetic core through
    an external applied force.

    Eddy current gauge Inductance of a coil is Displacement


    varied by the proximity
    of an eddy current plate.
    Measurement of strain: strain
    gage
     Passive transducer
     Thin wafer like device(metal foil or wire)
     Mechanical displacement to change of resistance
     Resistance of device changes with length
     Change in resistance is proportional to applied
    strain- measured using wheatstone bridge
     Sensitivity of strain gage is Gage factor(K)
    Tension

    Strain Gauge Compression

    l
    R   >= Rl l
    A

    l 
    R  Resistance R 
      Property of material

    R  l  Length of wire

    A  Effective cross sectional area of wire

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