PRESENTATION

ON

Southern Region System Operation

by
PSTI
1
Bangalore
 PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
 GRID OPERATION – AN OVERVIEW

 AVALILABILTY BASED TARIFF – A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM

 FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION (FGMO)

 ELECTRICITY ACT 2003 – STIPULATIONS ON OPEN ACCESS

 OPEN ACCESS – REGULATIONS BY CERC

 SHORT TERM OPEN ACCESS – EXPERIENCE SO FAR

 SHORT TERM OPEN ACCESS – CASE STUDIES

 OPEN ACCESS – CHALLENGES AND TASKS AHEAD 2

REGIONAL GRIDS

QUICK FACTS

3
 REGIONAL INSTALLED CAPACITY
GRIDS NORTHERN :- 31,230 MW
EASTERN :- 17,697 MW
SOUTHERN :- 32,779 MW
WESTERN :- 32,354 MW
NORTHERN
REGION NORTH-
NORTH-EASTERN :- 2,357 MW
EASTERN
REGION TOTAL 116417 MW
EASTERN
REGION
WESTERN
REGION

SOUTHERN
REGION

4
 ‘ ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS
1
NORTHERN
REGION

NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

EASTERN
REGION

WESTERNRE
2
GION

3
SOUTHERN
REGION

SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT

TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH
EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003
5
ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART
 ‘ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS

NORTHERN
REGION

1 NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

EASTERN
REGION

WESTERNRE
GION

2
SOUTHERN
REGION

WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE

TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE
EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS,6
INDIA WILL HAVE ONLY TWO GRIDS
 100000
120000

0
20000
40000
60000
80000
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
electricity in India

2003-04
Growth of installed capacity for

in MW

7
Source wise composition of
installed capacity in India
(1,15,569 in 2004)
2.40% 1.70% 26%

Hydro
Thermal
Nuclear
Wind

70%

8
SOUTHERN REGION – GEOGRAPHY

KARNATAKA ANDHRA
PRADESH

POPULATION :- 22.5 CRORES ( 22% OF INDIA)

AREA :- 651 (‘000 SQ KM)(19% OF INDIA)
INSTALLED CAPACITY:- 31,931 MW(27.6%)
WEATHER :- South-west monsoon
North-east monsoon
SEA COAST :- AROUND 4000 KM
KER

TAMIL NADU
ALA

9
GROWTH OF INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SR
IN MW

29526
28501
30000

26163
28000

24173
22983
26000

22133
21298
24000

20304
19830
19475

22000

20000

18 0 0 0

16 0 0 0

14 0 0 0

12 0 0 0

10 0 0 0
1994- 95 1995-96 1996- 97 1997- 98 1998-99 1999- 00 2000-01 2001-02 2002- 03 2003-04
Y EA R S - - - >

10
 INSTALLED CAPACITY IN SR
DIESEL/GA
STATES HYDRO THERMAL NUCLEAR S WIND OTHERS TOTAL %
AP 3586 2963   272 2   6822 21%
KAR 3331 1470   128 5   4934 15%
KER 1831     235     2067 6%
TN 1987 2970   423 19   5400 16%
C.S   8090 830 360     9280 28%
2539 4276
IPP 278 787 0 695 377 13%
TOTAL 11015 15880 830 3957 721 377 32779  
% 34% 48% 3% 12% 2% 1%    
The above capacity does not includes

--- About 1344 MW of Wind Mill Capacity in Tamil Nadu.

--- Micro and Captive plants in different states.

11
 SOURCE-WISE INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SR
377 (1%) IN MW
11015 (34%)
NUCLEAR
830 (3%) OTHERS
721 (2.2%)
WIND
3957 (12%)
HYDRO
GAS

THERMAL 32,779 MW

15880 (48%)
HYDRO THERMAL GAS WIND NUCLEAR OTHERS

12
 GENERATING UNITS IN SOUTHERN REGION
UNIT CAPACITY AP KAR KER TN CGS TOTAL

THERMAL (500 MW) 2 7 9

THERMAL 10 7 13 15 45
(200-250 MW)
GAS/THERMAL 9 2 3 10 24
(100-150 MW)
HYDRO 27 27 16 15 85
(>50 MW)
TOTAL 48 36 19 38 163

A.P
TYPICAL KAR
GENERATOR
SPREAD
IN SR
- HYDRO

- THERMAL
GENERATORS ABOVE 1000 MW KER TN
- GAS / NAPTHA
GENERATORS 500 – 1000 MW
- NUCLEAR
GENERATORS BELOW 500 MW
TYPICAL
LOAD
SPREAD
IN SR

LOAD 500-1200 MW

LOAD 200-500 MW

14
 TYPICAL LOAD CURVE OF SR
23000

SUMMER
21000

EVENING
PEAK
19000
DEMAND IN MW--->

17000
WINTER

15000

MONSOON
13000

11000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR ---->
15
WEATHER
RESERVOIR CONSUMPTION
 GRID OPERATION

TYPICAL ISSUES IN THE PAST

16
 GRID OPERATION – TYPICAL ISSUES IN PAST

• LOW / HIGH FREQUENCY PROBLEMS

– FREQUENCY EXCURSES TO LOW/HIGH VALUES

• LOW / HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION

– CRITICALLY LOW VOLTAGES AT LOAD CENTRES

– SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH VOLTAGES AT FAR ENDS

• SYSTEM BROWNOUTS / BLACK OUTS

– SEPERATION OF SYSTEMS / LOSS OF LOAD

• ECONOMIC IN-STABILITY / INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES

– UNRELIABLE / INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT

17
 GRID OPERATION:
A TIGHT ROPE WALK

POWER
ED ILIT Y
S T AB
SWING
S R EA INS
BL INC S ES
AC S
K- LO M IC
O UT A GE C ON
O
LT UN
-E
ON
VO PSE T I
LA PE RA
L O 18
CO
GRID PRESENT STATUS

19
GRID OPERATION – PRESENT STATUS

STABILISED SYSTEM FREQUENCY

IMPROVED VOLTAGES

MERIT ORDER OPERATION

INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES

IMPROVED GRID SECURITY

20
GRID PRESENT STATUS -- CARDINAL EVENTS
• AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF UI

• UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCH SCHEME

• GENERATION ADDITION

• INTERREGIONAL AC / HVDC LINKS

• INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES

• OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE

21
22
 MONSOONS

SOUTH WEST
MONSOON NORTH EAST
MONSOON

23
STABILISED SYSTEM FREQUENCY

• TYPICAL FREQUENCY CURVE

• FREQUENCY DURATION CURVE

• RECORD FVI OF 0.04

24
 FREQUENCY PROFILE
2002, 2003 & 2004
51.00

50.50

50.00
FREQUENCY IN HZ ---->

49.50

49.00

48.50

48.00

47.50
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
DAYS ----->
25
 FREQUENCY DURATION CURVE 2002-03, 2003-04
& 2004-05
 
51.00 <49.0
49.0 & 50.5 &
Max Min Avg FVI
FVI
<50.5 Above
 
2004-05 0.13 98.70 0.17 50.90 48.62 49.85 0.83
50.50
2003-04 2.30 97.30 0.44 51.17 48.18 49.69 1.95
2002-03 49.48 48.51 2.01 51.37 47.69 48.95 18.86
50.00

2004-05
49.50
FREQ IN HZ --->

49.00 2002-03 2003-04

48.50

48.00

47.50

47.00
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
% OF TIME ---> 26
 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF SOUTHERN REGION
FOR PAST FIVE YEARS

FREQUENCY (Hz) % OF TIME WHEN FREQUECY WAS BETWEEN

48.5 TO 49.0 TO 49.5 TO 50.0 TO AVERAG

YEAR
MINIMU < 48.5 49. 49. 50. 50. > 50.5 FVI
MAXIMUM AVERAGE
M HZ 0 5 0 5 HZ
HZ HZ HZ HZ

00 – 01 51.56 47.76 48.67 53.79 17.68 13.63 12.26 2.64 ---

01 – 02 51.44 47.72 48.52 68.08 9.96 6.48 11.39 4.10 29.71

02 – 03 51.37 47.69 48.95 39.31 10.17 14.48 23.93 10.10 2.01 18.86

03 – 04 51.17 48.18 49.69 0.10 2.20 22.03 63.00 12.23 0.44 1.95

04 - 05 50.90 48.62 49.85 0.00 0.13 8.49 63.81 27.40 0.17 0.83

27
 COMPARISION OF BANGALORE VOLTAGE-TYPICAL DAY

420

410

400

390
VOLTAGE IN KV --->

380

BETTER VOLTAGE PROFILE MEANS

370 LESS ELECTRICAL LOSSES

360

350

REALITY BITE:
340
FARMERS IN KARNATAKA ARE HAPPY WITH
FEWER HOURS OF QUALITY POWER!!.

330 EFFICIENCY OF PUMPS AT TG HALLI WATER

WORKS IMPROVED!

320
00:05

02:05

03:05

04:05

05:05

07:05

08:05

09:05

10:05

11:05

13:05

14:05

18:05

19:05

20:05

23:05
01:05

06:05

12:05

15:05

16:05

17:05

21:05

22:05
TIME IN HRS --->
28
 CUMULATIVE INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW

10000
12000
14000
16000
18000

2000
4000
6000
8000

0
PONDY PCL (32.5 MW)(19.61 PS)
NEYVELI-II STG 1 **(630 MW)(67.99 PS)
KOVIL KALAPPAL *(105 MW)(68 PS)
JEGURUPADU (GAS)(216 MW)(82 PS)
SPECTRUM (GAS)(208 MW)(83 PS)
VIJJESWARAM -I(100 MW)(84 PS)
VIJJESWARAM -II(172.5 MW)(86 PS)

CAPACITY IS
BELOW 200 Ps
BELOW 300 Ps

B S E S (AP)(GAS)(140 MW)(87 PS)

BELOW 100 Ps
OF CAPACITY IS
OF CAPACITY IS

ABOUT14200 MW

REINS CALCINING LTD.(41 MW)(90 PS)

ABOUT 16000 MW

RAMAGUNDAM(2100 MW)(90 PS)

ABOUT 7000 MW OF
LANCO(350 MW)(91.48 PS)
NEYVELI-II STG-II **(840 MW)(94.61 PS)
SIMHADRI(1000 MW)(96 PS)
RAMAGUNDAM-B(62.5 MW)(96 PS)
VIJAYAWADA T.P.S.-1&2(1050 MW)(101 PS)
VIJAYAWADA T.P.S.-3(210 MW)(101 PS)
KOTHAGUDEM(B)(210 MW)(108 PS)
RAICHUR.T.PS. **(1260 MW)(110 PS)
KOTHAGUDEM(A)(240 MW)(110 PS)
CUMULATIVEINSTALLE
CUM. INS. CAP.

KOTHAGUDEM(C)(220 MW)(123.1 PS)

KOTHAGUDEM(D)(500 MW)(124 PS)
RAYALASEEMA TPP(420 MW)(126 PS)
NORTH MADRAS.T.P.S(630 MW)(130.98 PS)
TUTUCORIN.T.P.S(1050 MW)(133.5 PS)
METTUR.T.P.S(840 MW)(150 PS)
V S P *(120 MW)(169.11 PS)
ST-CMS(250 MW)(171 PS)
NEYVELI-I(600 MW)(185.86 PS)
ENNORE.T.P.S(450 MW)(190.2 PS)
L V S(37.8 MW)(200 PS)
YELEHANKA DEISEL(127.92 MW)(203.36 PS)
NAVBHARAT(35 MW)(205 PS)
VARIABLE COST

BRAHMAPUAM D P P(106.5 MW)(214 PS)

NELLORE(30 MW)(225 PS)
B S E S (KERALA)(165.5 MW)(225 PS)
THANNEERBAVI(235 MW)(228 PS)
VARIABLE COST(Ps) OF POWER STATION IN SR AS ON JUNE 2004

JINDAL(260 MW)(247 PS)

BALAJI(SAMAYANALLUR)(105 MW)(247 PS)
KOZHIKODE DPP(128.8 MW)(250 PS)
GMR VASAVI(196 MW)(254 PS)
SAMALPATTY IPP(105 MW)(263 PS)
TATA DEISEL(81.3 MW)(280 PS)
KAYAMKULAM NTPC(350 MW)(290 PS)
KASARGOD P C L(21 MW)(300 PS)
RAYALASEEMA(37.8 MW)(330 PS)
PP NALLUR(330.5 MW)(415 PS)
29

BASIN BRIDGE(120 MW)(468 PS)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450

VARIABLE COST IN Ps/UNIT

49.72 HZ

30
 MERIT ORDER : UNITS BOXED UP
VARIABLE
POWER STATION STATE CAPACITY(MW) FUEL COST
KARNATAK
TATA DIESEL A 79 DIESEL 308
RAYALSEEMA KARNATAK
DGPP A 27 DIESEL 360
YELEHANKA KARNATAK
DIESEL A 128 DIESEL 314
KARNATAK
THANRBHAVI A 220 NAPTHA 325
SUB-TOTAL 454    
BRAHAMPURAM
DPP KERALA 107 DIESEL 275
BSES KERALA 157 NAPTHA 308
KASARGODE PCL KERALA 22 NAPTHA 298
KAYAMKULAM KERALA 360 NAPTHA 322
SUB-TOTAL 646    
TAMIL
BASIN BRIDGE NADU 120 NAPTHA 584
31
TAMIL
 SHARP
PEAK

DEEP DEEP
VALLEY VALLEY

32
 KADAMPARAI PUMP OPERATION
500 51.00
SAVINGS OF RS 40 LAKHS
400 EVERY DAY
INVESTMENT OF 1600 50.50
300 CRORES SAVED

FREQUENCYINHZ ---->
200 50.00
INMW---->

GENERATOR
100 MODE

0 49.50
PUMP
-100 PUMP
49.00
-200
-300 48.50
0:00
1:00
2:00

4:00

6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

0:00
3:00

5:00

13:00

15:00
10:00
11:00
12:00

14:00

16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
TIME ---->
33
 OPPORTUNISTIC UI TRADE
EXPORT TO WR ON 13/05/03-14/05/03

600 51
POWER EXPORT TO WR ON
UI BASIS DURING LOAD 50.8
500
CRASH
50.6
400

50.4
300
FREQ
50.2
200

50

100
49.8

0
49.6

-100
49.4

-200 49.2

-300 34
49
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
 FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION ON 12-DEC-04

GENERATION vs FREQUENCY FOR

SHARAVATHI -1

50.40
90

FREQ IN HZ ----->
50.20
MW ----->

70 50.00
49.80
50
49.60
49.40
30
49.20
10 49.00
09:21

10:21
08:21

11:21
TIME IN HH:MM -----> FREQ DROP FROM
49.72 HZ TO 49.27 HZ
i.e. ~ 0.45HZ 35
 FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION ON 12-DEC-04

GENERATION vs FREQUENCY FOR

SHARAVATHI -4

50.40
90

FREQ IN HZ ----->
50.20
MW ----->

70 50.00
49.80
50
49.60
49.40
30
49.20
10 49.00
09:21
08:21

10:21

11:21
TIME IN HH:MM -----> FREQ DROP FROM
49.72 HZ TO 49.27 HZ
i.e. ~ 0.45HZ 36
 OPTIMAL RESERVOIR UTILISATION
SHARAVATHY IN KARNATAKA
THE COST OF GENERATION AT SHARAVATHY IS LESS THAN 20 Ps /UNIT
AVERAGE SELLING UI RATE OF KARNATAKA IS 372 Ps/UNIT

Rs. Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs. Rs.
PLANT OPERATORS AT
SHARAVATHY THINK OF THE
RESERVOIR LEVEL IN RUPEES
Rs. RATHER THAN IN FEET!!!
Rs. Rs.
Rs.

Rs.
Rs.
Rs. 37
Rs.
 Growth Of Inter Regional Energy Exchanges

25000
22500

20000
Total MU During The Year

15000
13000

9730
10000
8230
7350

5000

0
1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Year

IR Energy Exchanges 38
 INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES
Import from Import from
WR(668 MU) ER (805 MU)
300
RATE (PAISE/KWH)

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2
SR RATE WR RATE SR RATE ER RATE

39
 INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES
Export to Export to
WR(546MU) ER (200 MU)
400
RATE (PAISE/KWH)

300
Series1
200
Series2
100
0
SR RATE1WR RATE SR RATE
2 ER RATE

40
 SUMMARY OF UI – 142WKS
(FROM 01/JAN/03 TO 18/SEP/05)

AP KAR KER TN PONDY

Total UI
exported(-) /
Imported(+) in -4619 4477 932 1539 -164
MUs
Total amount
paid in Crores -892 838 145 422 -32
Rs.

Average rate of
UI in paise/unit 193 187 156 275 -197
41
 UI IN SR (FROM 01/01/03 TO 18/09/05)

• TOTAL UI TURNOVER :- 8893 MU

• TOTAL UI AMOUNT DISBURSED:- 1862 CR

• AVG WEEKLY TRANSACTION:- 67 MU

• AVG WEEKLY UI AMOUNT DISBURSED:- 13 CR

42
 INTER-REGIONAL EXCHANGES DETAILS
UPTO 142 WKS (Till 18.09.05)

WR ER

Net Energy 121.7 MU 605.5 MU

Transaction IMPORT BY IMPORT BY SR
SR
Amount Due to Rs. 76.1 Cr. Rs. 51.2 Cr.
SR Constituents
Amount Credited Rs. 76.1 Cr. Rs. 51.2 Cr.
TO SR
Constituents 43
 OD UD AND UI RATES OF CONSTITUENTS
450
407
400

350
RATE (PAISE/UNIT)

300
259 242
250
202
200
188 184 179 3
2 2
4 4 1 3 151
150 0 0
8 4 3 3 4 5
7 9
100 2 7 1 1 M 7
M 0
5 0 MU 5 U 3
50 U MU
MU MU MU MU
0
AP KAR KER TN
OVER DRAWAL (PURCHASE) UNDER DRAWAL (SOLD)

44
Back
 MAJOR AND MINOR DISTURBANCES SINCE 1994
10

8
NUMBER OF DISTURBANCES -------->

4 MAJOR MINOR

0
1995-96
1994-95

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05
YEAR ->
NO DISTURBANCES DESPITE LOSING ENTIRE SUPER
GENERATING PLANTS LIKE
RAMAGUNDAM,VIJAYAWADA,KOTHAGUDEM, NORTH CHENNAI, 45
SHARAVATHY ETC
 Unified Grid Operation
National
NLDC Level

5 Nos. ERLD WRLDC NRLDC SRLD NERLDC Regional

C C Level

32 Nos. State HQ
SLDC SLDC SLDC Level

Group /
51 Nos. SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC
Distt Level

1160 Plant / Sub-

Nos. RTU RTU RTU Station Level
46
 Hierarchy of The ULDC Scheme in Southern Region

RLDC,Bangalore

CPCC SCC, Pondy

Hyderabad Kalamassery Chennai Bangalore

Andhra Kerala Tamilnadu Karnataka

Hyderabad Kalam’erry Chennai Bangalore

Cuddapah Kannur Erode Lingusugur
Warangal Trivandrum Madurai Hubli
Vijayawada
47
 COMPLEXITY OF MONITORING

Integrated
Opn
of Ten Power
Annual Inter- Utilities Generators –
Regional Hydro,
Energy Thermal,Gas/IP
Transfer 30,000 POINTS P
≈10,000MU Active Power, Reactive 422 nos.
Power,
Installed Voltage, Frequency, Transmission
Capacity Transformer Network
≈32800 MW Tap Position, Circuit 400/220kV
Breaker Position, Isolator ≈ 40700 Ckm
Position etc
Transformers Transformati
(220kV and on
above) Capacity ≈
480 nos. Dynamic 45000 MVA
Grid
Conditions

48
GROWTH OF INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SR
IN MW

29526
28501
30000

26163
28000

24173
22983
26000

22133
21298
24000

20304
19830
19475

22000

20000

18 0 0 0

16 0 0 0

14 0 0 0

12 0 0 0

10 0 0 0
1994- 95 1995-96 1996- 97 1997- 98 1998-99 1999- 00 2000-01 2001-02 2002- 03 2003-04
Y EA R S - - - >

49
 TALCHER KOLAR
SCHEMATIC TALCHER

Electrode
Station
Electrode
Station
KOLAR +/- 500 KV DC line
1370 KM

Kolar
400kv System
220kv system
Hosur
Hoody
B’lore Chintamani
Salem Madras
Cudappah Udumalpet 50
 Inter Regional Links
1650 MW
700 MW
1850 MW
900 MW
30,500 MW

2300

16,000
32,700 MW
1200 MW

1200MW
Present IR Capacity
30,500 MW
2000MW = 9,500 MW

51
INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END
OF 11th PLAN (2012)
NORTHERN
REGION

4600 MW 13450 MW
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

6450 MW
WESTERN 1000 MW
REGION EASTERN
REGION

1300 MW
3200 MW

SOUTHERN
REGION
30,000 MW OF INTER-
REGIONAL POWER BY 2012

52
 RESERVOIR LEVEL - COMPARISON

LEVEL LEVEL ENERGY ENERGY RISE IN

31-Jul-04 31-Jul-05 % RISE
31-Jul-04 31-Jul-05 MU

LEVEL IN MTS

JALAPUT 831.58 819.24 275 47 - 228 - 82

LINGANMAKKI 544.22 548.85 1931 2930 999 51

SUPA
528.01 542.40 749 1482 733 98

IDUKKI
717.66 720.08 1066 1216 150 14
KAKKI
963.83 968.88 416 555 139 33
NILGIRIS
1110 1319 209 19
TOTAL
5546 7549 2003 36

53
 COMPARISION OF BANGALORE VOLTAGE-TYPICAL DAY
420

410

400

390
VOLTAGE IN KV --->

380

370
BETTER VOLTAGE PROFILE MEANS
360 LESS ELECTRICAL LOSSES
(water supply to b’lore- next page )
350

340 REALITY BITE:

FARMERS IN KARNATAKA ARE HAPPY WITH
330 FEWER HOURS OF QUALITY POWER!!.
EFFICIENCY OF PUMPS AT TG HALLI WATER
WORKS IMPROVED!
320
00:05

02:05

03:05

04:05

05:05

07:05

08:05

09:05

10:05

11:05

13:05

14:05

18:05

19:05

20:05

23:05
01:05

06:05

12:05

15:05

16:05

17:05

21:05

22:05
TIME IN HRS --->

54
 WATER SUPPLY TO BANGALORE
PUMPING LOSSES REDUCED
ENORMOUS SAVINGS TO THE
STATE
MOTOR BURNING AND
MAINTENANCE COSTS ALSO
CAME DOWN DRASTICALLY

LOW VOLTAGE PROBLEMS

AROUND BANGALORE
HAMPERED WATER SUPPLY
EARLIER
WITH BETTER VOLTAGE NOW,
PUMPING EFFICIENCY HAS
IMPROVED

400 KV STATION AT MYSORE BEING

COMMISSIONED ON WAR FOOTING TO
55
FURTHER FORTIFY THIS PART OF THE GRID
 FREQUENCY CURVE FOR 9th SEPTEMBER 2004
FVI = 0.04
Avg Freq =
51.0
49.99Hz

50.5

50.0

49.5

49.0

48.5

13

16
00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

14

15

17

18

19

20

21

22

23
10 * ∑ (F – 50) 2
FVI = -------------------------------

56
24 * 60
THANK YOU

57