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Structures in C++ Programming

This document discusses structures in C programming. It begins by explaining that structures group related data into a composite variable, clarifying code and allowing data to be passed as a single unit to functions. It then covers that structures can contain elements of varying sizes arranged in memory order. The syntax for defining a structure with member identifiers and types is presented. Examples show different structure types like dates, students, and bank accounts. Accessing structure members using dot notation and pointers is explained. Finally, operations on structures like copying, addressing, and accessing members from functions are discussed.

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Awais Arshad
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

Structures in C++ Programming

This document discusses structures in C programming. It begins by explaining that structures group related data into a composite variable, clarifying code and allowing data to be passed as a single unit to functions. It then covers that structures can contain elements of varying sizes arranged in memory order. The syntax for defining a structure with member identifiers and types is presented. Examples show different structure types like dates, students, and bank accounts. Accessing structure members using dot notation and pointers is explained. Finally, operations on structures like copying, addressing, and accessing members from functions are discussed.

Uploaded by

Awais Arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

LECTURE # 12: STRUCTURES

BSE 1
Joddat Fatima
1
joddat.fatima@gmail.com

Department of C&SE
Bahria University Islamabad
INTRODUCTIONS

 Structures are used in C to group together related data into a


composite variable. This technique has several advantages:

 It clarifies the code by showing that the data defined in the


structure are intimately related.
 It simplifies passing the data to functions. Instead of passing
multiple variables separately, they can be passed as a single unit.
 It increases the locality of the code.

2
STRUCTURE
 A structure can be considered as an array with elements of varying size.

 A structure’s elements do not have to be the same size. Because of this each
element of a structure must be explicitly specified and is given a tag instead of
a numerical index.

 To access an element, one must know the starting address of the structure and
the relative offset of that element from the beginning of the structure.

 The elements of a structure are arranged in the memory in the same order as
they are defined in the struct definition.

3
SYNTAX
 Definition of a structure:
struct <struct-type>
{
<type> <identifier_list>; Each identifier
<type> <identifier_list>; defines a member
... of the structure.
} ;

 Example:
struct Date
The “Date” structure
{
int day; has 3 members,
int month;
int year;
day, month & year.
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} ;
EXAMPLES
 Example:
struct StudentInfo
{ The “StudentInfo”
int Id;
int age; structure has 4 members
char Gender; of different types.
double CGA;
};

 Example:
struct StudentGrade
{ The “StudentGrade”
char Name[15]; structure has 5
char Course[9];
int Lab[5]; members of
int Homework[3];
int Exam[2];
different array types. 5

};
EXAMPLES
 Example:
struct BankAccount
{
char Name[15]; The “BankAcount”
int AcountNo[10]; structure has simple,
double balance;
Date Birthday;
array and structure
}; types as members.
 Example:
struct StudentRecord
{
char Name[15]; The “StudentRecord”
int Id;
char Dept[5]; structure has 4
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char Gender; members.
};
DECLARING STRUCT VARIABLES

struct motor p, q, r;
 Declares and sets aside storage for three variables – p, q, and r – each of
type struct motor

struct motor M[25];


 Declares a 25-element array of struct motor; allocates 25 units of
storage, each one big enough to hold the data of one motor

struct motor *m;


 Declares a pointer to an object of type struct motor

7
ACCESSING MEMBERS OF A STRUCT

 Let
struct motor p;
struct motor q[10];
 Then

p.volts — is the voltage


p.amps — is the amperage
p.phases — is the number of phases
p.rpm — is the rotational speed

q[i].volts — is the voltage of the ith motor


q[i].rpm — is the speed of the ith motor
8
ACCESSING MEMBERS OF A STRUCT
(CONTINUED)

 Let
struct motor *p;
 Then

(*p).volts — is the voltage of the motor pointed


to by p
(*p).phases — is the number of phases of the
motor pointed to by p
 The (*p).member notation is a nuisance
 Clumsy to type; need to match ( )
 Too many keystrokes

 This construct is so widely used that a special notation was invented, i.e.,
 p->member, where p is a pointer to the structure 9
OPERATIONS ON STRUCT

 Copy/assign
struct motor p, q;
p = q;

 Get address
struct motor p;
struct motor *s
s = &p;

 Access members
p.volts;
s -> amps;

10
OPERATIONS ON STRUCT (CONTINUED)

 Remember:–
 Passing an argument by value is an instance of copying or
assignment
 Passing a return value from a function to the caller is an
instance of copying or assignment
 E.g,:–
struct motor f(struct motor g) {
struct motor h = g;
...;
return h;
}
“If a large structure is to be passed to a function, it is generally 11
more efficient to pass a pointer than to copy the whole structure”
STRUCT BASICS

 Declaration of a variable of struct type:


<struct-type> <identifier_list>;
 Example:
StudentRecord Student1, Student2;

Name Name
Student1 Id Gender Id Gender Student2

Dept Dept

Student1 and Student2 are variables of


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StudentRecord type.
EX. 1: STRUCT BASICS

13
EX. 2: STRUCT BASICS

14
ARRAY TO STRUCTURES

15
POINTERS TO STRUCTURE

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