COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LECTURE # 8: ARRAY - A
BSE 1
Joddat Fatima
1
[email protected]
Department of C&SE
Bahria University Islamabad
BASICS
In daily life we commonly group similar elements in units.
Cans of pine juices
Dozen bananas
Cartoon of eggs
In programming we need group of data items of same type as
well so to accomplish that most basic concept of arrays is
used in C++
2
INTRODUCTION
Array
Consecutivegroup of memory locations
Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
To refer to an element
Specify array name and position number (index)
Format: arrayname[ position number ]
First element at position 0
An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in
contiguous memory locations that can be individually 3
referenced by adding an index to a unique identifier.
DECLARATION OF ARRAY
When declaring arrays, specify
Name
Type of array
Number of elements
type arrayName[ arraySize ];
Example:
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats
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INITIALIZING ARRAYS
For loop
Set each element
Initializer list
Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
If too many syntax error
To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
5 initializers, therefore 5 element array 5
ARRAY VARIABLE TYPE
An array can have indexed variables of any type
All indexed variables in an array are of the same type
An indexed variable can be used anywhere an ordinary variable
of the base type is used
ARRAY [] USAGE
In an array declaration, [ ]'s enclose the size of the array
When referring to one of the indexed variables, the [ ]'s enclose
a number identifying one of the indexed variables
The value in the [ ]'s can be any expression that evaluates to one
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of the integers
VARIABLES & DECLARATION
Most compilers do not allow the use of a variable
to declare the size of an array
Example:
cout << "Enter number of students: ";
cin >> number;
int score[number];
This code is illegal on many compilers
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ARRAY OUT OF RANGE
A common error is using a nonexistent index
Index values for int a[6] are the values 0 through 5
An index value not allowed by the array declaration is out of range
Using an out of range index value doe not produce an error message!
Problems
Array declared as int a[6]; int i=7; executing the statement a[i] = 238;
causes…
The computer to calculate the address of the illegal a[7]
(This address could be where some other variable is stored)
The value 238 is stored at the address calculated for a[7] 8
No warning is given!
EXAMPLE-1
#include <iostream> OUTPUT
0
int main() 0
{ 0
int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers 0
0
// initialize elements of array n to 0 0
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) 0
0
n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0 0
for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) 0
cout<<n[ j] <<endl; // print all elements
return 0;
}
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EXAMPLE-2
#include <iostream>
int main() OUTPUT
32
{ 27
// use initializer list to initialize array n 64
int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 }; 18
95
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
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cout << n[ i ] << endl; 90
return 0; 70
60
}
37
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ARRAY SIZE & EXAMPLE
Array size
Can be specified with constant variable (const)
const int size = 20;
Constants cannot be changed
Constants must be initialized when declared
Example OUTPUT
#include <iostream> 2
int main() 4
{ 6
8
const int arraySize = 10;
10
int s[ arraySize ]; 12
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) 14
s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i; 16
18
for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
20 11
cout << << s[ j ] << endl;
return 0;}
EXAMPLE
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
const int arrSize = 10;
int a[ arrSize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int total = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++ )
total += a[ i ];
cout << "Total of array element values is " << total <<
endl;
return 0;
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} Total of array element values is 55
Element Value Histogram
0 19 *******************
1 3 ***
EXAMPLE 2 15 ***************
3 7 *******
4 11 ***********
5 9 *********
#include <iostream> 6 13 *************
#include <iomanip> 7 5 *****
int main() 8 17 *****************
{ 9 1 *
const int arraySize = 10;
int n[ arraySize ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value"<< setw( 17 ) << "Histogram" << endl;
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
{
cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << setw( 9 );
for ( int j = 0; j < n[ i ]; j++ ) // print one bar
cout << '*';
cout << endl;
}
return 0; 13
}
STRING ARRAYS
Strings
Arrays of characters
All strings end with null ('\0')
Examples
char string1[] = "hello";
Null character implicitly added
string1 has 6 elements
char string1[] = { 'h','e','l','l','o','\0’ };
Subscripting is the same
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'
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STRING ARRAYS
Input from keyboard
char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
Puts user input in string
Stops at first whitespace character
Adds null character
If too much text entered, data written beyond array
We want to avoid this (section 5.12 explains how)
Printing strings
cout << string2 << endl;
Does not work for other array types
Characters printed until null found
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STRING ARRAYS EXAMPLE
Enter the string "hello there": hello there
string1 is: hello
#include <iostream>
string2 is: string literal
int main()
string1 with spaces between characters is:
{ hello
char string1[ 20 ];
char string2[] = "string literal";
cout << "Enter the string \"hello there\": ";
cin >> string1;
cout << "string1 is: " << string1 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2;
cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
cout << string1[ i ] << ' ';
return 0; 16
}
ARRAY WITH FUNCTIONS
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PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS
Specify name without brackets
To pass array myArray to myFunction
int myArray[ 24 ];
myFunction( myArray, 24 );
Array size usually passed, but not required
Useful to iterate over all elements
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PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS
Arrays passed-by-reference
Functions can modify original array data
Value of name of array is address of first element
Function knows where the array is stored
Can change original memory locations
Individual array elements passed-by-value
Likeregular variables
square( myArray[3] );
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PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS
Functions taking arrays
Function prototype
void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize );
void modifyArray( int [], int );
Names optional in prototype
Both take an integer array and a single integer
No need for array size between brackets
Ignored by compiler
If declare array parameter as const
Cannot be modified (compiler error)
void doNotModify( const int [] );
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EXAMPLE
#include <iostream>
void modifyArray( int [], int );
void modifyElement( int );
int main()
{
const int arraySize = 5;
int a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
cout << "Effects of passing entire array by reference:" << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
cout << a[ i ];
cout << endl;
modifyArray( a, arraySize );
cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n";
for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
cout << a[ j ];
cout << "\n\n\n"<< "Effects of passing array element by value:"<< "\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ]
<< '\n';
modifyElement( a[ 3 ] );
cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
return 0; 21
}
EXAMPLE CONST..
void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray ) Effects of passing entire array by reference:
{
for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++ ) The values of the original array are:
b[ k ] *= 2; 0 1 2 3 4
} The values of the modified array are:
0 2 4 6 8
void modifyElement( int e )
{
cout << "Value in modifyElement is “ Effects of passing array element by value:
<< ( e *= 2 ) << endl;
} The value of a[3] is 6
Value in modifyElement is 12
The value of a[3] is 6
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