PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
LECTURE # 1: INTRODUCTION
BS
Joddat Fatima
1
[email protected]
Department of SE
Bahria University Islamabad
COURSE INFORMATION
Instructor
Miss JODDAT FATIMA
Cabin: XC- Ground Floor
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours
Monday-Wednesday : 10:30 to 12:30
2
WHO ARE YOU???
3
COURSE INFORMATION
Course meeting times
Lectures: 2 sessions/week (2+1)
Course Ressources
Object Oriented Programming in C++ by Robert Lafore
C++ How to Programme by Dietel and Dietel
A Structured Programjing Approach Using C++ by Behrouz A.
Forouzan
4
COURSE OBJECTIVE
To introduce the concepts and the syntax of programming
language C++.
To enable the students to develop skills of computer
programming using and simple logical problems
Ability to analyze the requirements for solving simple
algorithmic problems.
5
COURSE CONTENTS
Basic structure of C++
I/O statements
Operators
Variables
Selection Structure
Repetition Structure
Functions
Arrays
Structures
Pointers
6
GRADING POLICY
7
INTRODUCTION
COMPUTER
Software
Instructions to command computer to perform actions and make
decisions
Hardware
Various devices comprising computer
Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, processing units,
The Ideal Way to Do Computing
The ideal way to ask computer to do something is to order it in a natural
language e.g.
I want to view this webpage 8
Calculate my annual tax
WHY ANOTHER LANGUAGE?
However, today’s computer’s are not intelligent enough to understand our orders
in natural language.
Ambiguity:
The tourist saw the astronomer with the telescope
The tourist used the telescope to see the astronomer.
The astronomer that the tourist saw had a telescope.
Levels of Programming Language:
Low-Level
machine language 10110101011001
Defined by hardware design
High-Level
Much more understandable 9
A compiler translates high-level language into assembly language.
C++ TYPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
6. Execute
10
A WORD OF CAUTION
IDEs, editors, debuggers, and other programming tools do not
write program themselves. They merely provide some help in
writing a program.
Therefore,
THERE IS NO SHORTCUT TO PROGRAMMING
SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE.
11
HOW TO LEARN PROGRAMMING
Everybody learns programming at their own pace.
So do not be impressed by the person sitting next to you
because he coded a given program in 20 minutes and you are
taking more than an hour
Speed programming does not necessarily mean
quality of the final output.
12
HOW TO LEARN PROGRAMMING CONT..
Writing a good description of the problem.
Breaking down the given problem into small pieces.
Turning small pieces into pseudo-code.
Deciding the integration mechanism of the pieces.
Writing the program for each piece.
Integrating all the pieces together.
13
SCARE OF PROGRAMMING?
Why most students are afraid of programming
Paradigm Change
Programming is totally different paradigm. You are working on
something and you cannot even touch the final output you can only
feel it. It is different then other subjects like Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, etc.
Peer Pressure
Some people are naturally good in programming so others think that
this is a natural ability and they cannot learn it.
Lack of Understanding in Fundamental Concepts 14
SCARE OF PROGRAMMING?
Why most students are afraid of programming
Lack of Understanding in Fundamental Concepts
Some people start programming without a clue of what is going on
behind the scene in the computer. As a result they have a flawed
understanding from day one of their programming experience
Time Factor: Programming takes a lot of time
Programming may take a lot of time at the start but once a person is
comfortable with the concepts and has mastered the basic skills it is
just like any other profession.
15
A WORD OF ADVICE
Without good command on programming any qualification in
Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information
Technology and Software Engineering is “worthless”.
There is an acute shortage of programmers in the global
software market and with time this shortage is increasing
16
17
18
19
PREPROCESSING DIRECTIVES
#include <iostream>
Not a program statement its part of functioning body does
not need semi colon to end this.
#include is called preprocessor directives while iostream is a
header file.
It basically concerns the I/O in programming.
20
USING DIRECTIVES
using namespace std;
A name space is a part of program it reorganize your certain
defined names; outside the namespace they are unknown.
This shows that all program statements as follow are within
the this std namespace.
21
BASIC PROGRAM
Start with common and one function i.e. main()
Working controlled by main function
Function start executing form first statement of main
sequence ends at main return 0;
Body of a main surrounded by Braces { }
If no main function error will be generated
22
PROGRAM STATEMENTS
Fundamental Unit of the programming
It tells the computer to do something that is required
Always ends with a semi colon ; if not written error
generated.
Compulsion statement of return 0; sends the program
back to initial position from where it was started.
23
COMMENTS IN C++
//comments.cpp
/*demonstrating comments*/
Document programs
Improve program readability
Ignored by compiler
Single-line comments & Multi-Line comments
24
DIVIDING CODE
The separation in different lines of code has been done just to give
greater readability to the program, since main could have been
perfectly valid defined this way:
int main () { cout << " Hello World! "; cout << " I'm a C++ program ";
return 0;
We were also free to divide the code into more lines if we considered it
more convenient:
int main ()
{
cout <<"Hello World!";
cout<< "I'm a C++ program";
return 0; 25
}
PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
What is the unknown?
What is required?
What are the data?
What is given?
What is the condition?
By what condition the unknown is linked to the data?
26
CALCULATE AND PRINT THE AVERAGE GRADE
OF 3 TESTS FOR THE ENTIRE CLASS
Input
3 test scores for each student
Output
Average of 3 tests for each student
Process
1. Get three scores
2. Add them together
3. Divide by three to get the average
4. Print the average
5. Repeat step 1 to 4 for next student
6. Stop if there are no more students
27
ALGORITHM ATM FOR WITHDRAWAL
Output
Money, error messages
Inputs
User Identification (ATM card), password, amount
Process
1. Get the ATM card for identification and ask for password
2. Check password
3. If password is not valid, generate an error message and go to step number 8.
4. Get the amount from the user
5. Check the current balance
6. If amount is greater than current balance, generate an error message and go to
step number 8.
7. Subtract the amount from the balance and give out the cash.
8. Return the ATM card
9. Stop
28
29
