CIS 185 CCNP ROUTE

Chapter 3: Implementing OSPF

Part 2
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]

Spring 2015
LSAs
OSPF packet types

3
Part I - LSAs using all normal areas
Multi Area OSPF
What are the router Backbone
types? Area Normal Areas

ASBR

Internal ABR ABR

Internal
Internal
Internal

4
Part I - LSAs using all normal areas
Routes Received on all OSPF Routers

Overview of Normal Areas – This will all be explained!

Receives all routes from within A.S.:

 Within the local area – LSA 1 and LSA 2
 From other areas (Inter-Area) – LSA 3, LSA 4, LSA 5
Receives all routes from External A.S.’s (External AS means routes not from this
OSPF routing domain):
 From external AS’s – LSA 5
 As long as routes are being redistributed by the ASBR (more later)
Default Route
 Received only if default-information-originate command was used (later)
 If default-information-originate command is not used, then the default
route is not received 5
R33 R3
router ospf 1 router ospf 1
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 network 11.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 172.30.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 9.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
R22 network 172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 51
router ospf 1 network 172.16.11.0 0.0.0.255 area 51
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 network 99.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 51
network 172.30.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
R1 R100
router ospf 1
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 99.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 51
network 9.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 network 99.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 51
network 172.16.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 network 99.0.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 51

R200
R2 router ospf 1
router ospf 1 network 99.0.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 51
network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 network 99.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 51
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 11.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
default-information originate
ABR contains network statements for
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/2 each area it belongs to, using the
proper area value.
LSAs using all normal areas
Multi Area OSPF
What are the router Backbone
types? Area Normal Areas

ASBR

Internal ABR ABR

Internal
Internal
Internal

7
 Multi Area OSPF
What are the router Backbone Normal Areas
types? Area

ASBR

Internal ABR ABR

Internal
Internal
Internal

8
 Multi Area OSPF

What are the router

Normal Areas
Backbone
types? Area

ASBR

Internal ABR ABR

Internal
Internal
Internal

9
 Understanding LSAs (FYI ONLY)
 show ip ospf database
 This is not the link state database, only a summary.
 It is a tool to help determine what routes are included in the routing table.
 We will look at this output to learn the tool as well as become familiar with the
different types of LSAs.
 To view the link state database use: show ip ospf database [router|network|…]
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | LS type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
LSA Header +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 10
LSA 1 - Router Link States
 LSA 1 – Router LSA
 Generated by each router for each area it belongs to.
 Describes the states of the links in the area
B to which this router belongs.

“Leaf” network Router A’s LSA 1s

A
2
C which are flooded to all
other routers in this
D area.
 Flooded only within the area. On multi-access networks, sent to the DR.
 Denoted by just an “O” in the routing table or “C” if the network is directly
connected.
 ABR will include a set of LSA 1’s for each area it belongs to.
 When a new LSA 1 is received and installed in the LSDB, the router forwards
that LSA, using hop-by-hop or asynchronous flooding.
11
 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

LSA 1 - Router |

|
LS age |

Link State ID
Options | 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|

Link States
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 |V|E|B| 0 | # links |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link Data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | # TOS | metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TOS | 0 | TOS metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link Data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
12
LSA 1 – Router Link States

LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s

 Each router floods their LSA 1s ONLY within their own area.
 LSA 1s only announce the links (networks) within the area.
 Router receives LSA 1s from neighbor, floods those LSA 1s to other
neighbors within the same area.
13
R100# show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (100.100.100.100) (Process ID 1)

Router Link States (Area 51) <- Note the Area

(LSA 1 - Links in this area.)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum LinkCnt

3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 42 0x80000004 0x00168d 4
100.100.100.100 100.100.100.100 10 0x80000005 0x00472f 4
200.200.200.200 200.200.200.200 10 0x80000002 0x00db5f 1

LSA 1 - Router Link States

For Router Links:
 Link State ID: Advertising Router ID
 Advertising Router: Router ID of the router that created this LSA 1
 Bottom line: Router Link States (LSA1’s) should display all the RouterIDs of
routers in that area, including its own.
 Rick’s reminder: LSA 1 -> “my one area”
14
LSA 1 - Router Link States
R100# show ip route

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets

O 172.16.10.0 [110/65] via 99.0.0.1, 00:08:30, Serial0/0
O 172.16.11.0 [110/65] via 99.0.0.1, 00:08:30, Serial0/0

• Denoted by just an “O” in the routing table, or a “C”

• Note: Only partial routing tables will be shown

15
LSA 1 - Router Link States

LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s

16
LSA 2 - Network Link States

LSA 2 – Network LSA

 Generated by the DR on every multi-access network
 Denoted by just an “O” in the routing table or “C” if the network is
directly connected.
 Flooded only within the originating area.
 LSA 2’s are in link state database for all routers within area, even
those routers on not on multi-access networks or DRs on other multi-
access networks in the same area.
 ABR may include a set of LSA 2s for each area it belongs to. 17
LSA 2 - Network Link States
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Network Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Attached Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
18
LSA 2s

LSA 2’s
LSA 2’s

 LSA 2s flooded within area by DR.

19
 LSA 2 - Network Link States
R3# show ip ospf database
 
Net Link States (Area 51)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
99.0.0.6 200.200.200.200 241 0x80000002 0x006159

• Link ID IP address of DR on MultiAccess Network

• ADV Router Router ID of DR
• Bottom line: Net Link States (LSA2’s) should display the RouterIDs of
the DRs on all multi-access networks in the area and their IP
addresses.
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 2 -> “Ethernet = Layer 2 or D R”
1 2
20
LSA 2 - Network Link States

LSA 2’s
LSA 2’s

21
LSA 3 – Summary Net Link States

LSA 3 – Summary LSA

 Originated by the ABR.
 Describes links between ABR and Internal Routers of the Local Area
 ABR will include a set of LSA 3’s for each area it belongs to.
 LSA 3s are flooded throughout the backbone (Area 0) and to other ABRs.
 Routes learned via LSA type 3s are denoted by an “IA” (Inter-area) in the
routing table.
22
LSA 3 – Summary
LSAs

LSA 1’s ABR ABR

LSA 3’s
LSA 3’s

LSA 3 – Summary LSA

 Originated by the ABR.
 Describes links between ABR and Internal Routers of the Local Area
 ABR will include a set of LSA 3’s for each area it belongs to.
 LSA 3s are flooded throughout the backbone (Area 0) and to other ABRs.
 Routes learned via LSA type 3s are denoted by an “IA” (Inter-area) in the
routing table. 23
LSA 3 – Summary LSAs

LSA 3’s ABR ABR

LSA 1’s
LSA 3’s

24
LSA 3 – Summary LSAs

LSA 3’s
LSA 3’s
LSA 1’s

25
LSA 3 – Summary Net Link States
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | 3 or 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Network Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TOS | TOS metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
26
 New or change, do
not run SPF
algorithm.

LSA 1’s
LSA 3’s

X LSA 3’s

Process using
DV technique
not LSA 1 Link
States.
• Routers only see the topology of the area they belong to.
• When a link in one area changes, the adjacent routers originate in LSA 1’s and
flood them within the area, causing intra-area (internal) routers to re-run the
SPF and recalculating the routing table.
• ABRs do not announce topological information between areas.
• ABRs only inject routing information into other areas, which is basically a
distance-vector technique. 27
 LSA 1’s
LSA 3’s
LSA 3’s

• ABRs calculate intra-area routes and announce them to all other areas as
inter-area routes, using LSA 3’s.
• OSPF ABRs will only announce inter-area routes that were learned from the
backbone area, area 0.
• The backbone area serves as a repository for inter-area routes.
• This keeps OSPF safe from routing loops.
28
 LSA 3 – Summary Net Link States (INTERNAL)
ABR
R33# show ip ospf database
Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
10.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x8000000c 0x00ec09
9.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x8000000d 0x00ec09
192.168.2.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x8000000e 0x00ec09
11.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x8000000f 0x00ec09
172.16.10.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x80000010 0x00ec09
172.16.11.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x80000011 0x00ec09
99.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 130 0x80000012 0x00ec09
99.0.0.4 • Link ID =
1.1.1.1 IP network
130addresses of networks
0x80000013 in other
0x00ec09 areas
99.1.0.0 • ADV Router = ABR
1.1.1.1 130Router ID 0x80000014
sending the0x00ec09
LSA-3
• Bottom line: Should see networks in other areas and the ABR
advertising that route.
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 3 -> “networks sent by the A B R”
1 2 3
33
LSA 3
R1# show ip ospf database
Summary Net Link States (Area 1) <- Per Area
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
10.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x8000000c 0x00ec09
9.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x8000000d 0x00ec09
192.168.2.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x8000000e 0x00ec09
11.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x8000000f 0x00ec09
172.16.10.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x80000010 0x00ec09
172.16.11.0 1.1.1.1 255 0x80000011 0x00ec09
99.0.0.0• ABR 1.1.1.1
will show all routes
255 it is injecting into the
0x80000012 other area
0x00ec09 including:
99.0.0.4 • LSA 3s from other 255
1.1.1.1 areas 0x80000013 0x00ec09
99.1.0.0 • LSA 1s from it’s adjacent
1.1.1.1 255 area it0x80000014
is injecting0x00ec09
into this area
• Bottom line: Should see networks in other areas and the ABR
advertising that route.
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 3 -> “networks sent by the A B R”
1 2 3 34
 LSA 3 – Summary Net Link States
R2# show ip route

99.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

O IA 99.0.0.0/30 [110/1626] via 11.0.0.2, 00:43:01, Serial0/1
O IA 99.0.0.4/30 [110/1627] via 11.0.0.2, 00:43:01, Serial0/1
O IA 99.1.0.0/16 [110/1627] via 11.0.0.2, 00:43:01, Serial0/1
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
O IA 172.16.1.0 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:42:21, Serial0/0
O IA 172.16.2.0 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:42:51, Serial0/0
O IA 172.16.10.0 [110/1563] via 11.0.0.2, 00:43:01, Serial0/1
O IA 172.16.11.0 [110/1563] via 11.0.0.2, 00:43:01, Serial0/1
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 172.30.1.0 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:42:21, Serial0/0
O IA 172.30.2.0 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:42:21, Serial0/0

• Routes learned via LSA type 3s are denoted by an “IA” (Inter-Area

Routes) in the routing table. 35
LSA 1’s
LSA 3’s
LSA 3’s

36
LSA 4 – ASBR
Summary Link
States

LSA 4 – ASBR Summary LSA

 Originated by the ABR.
 Flooded throughout the area.
 Describes the reachability to the ASBRs
 Advertises an ASBR (Router ID) not a network
 Included in routing table as an “IA” route.
Exceptions
 Not flooded to Stub and Totally Stubby networks.
 More on this later 37
LSA 4 – ASBR Summary Link States
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | 3 or 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Network Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TOS | TOS metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |

38
LSA 4 – ASBR Summary Link States

LSA 4 LSA 1’s

(e bit)
LSA 4

 How does the ABRs know about the ASBR?

 ASBR sends a type 1 Router LSA with a bit (external bit – e bit) that
is set to identify itself as the ASBR.
39
LSA 4 – ASBR
Summary Link ABR
States (ABR)
R1# show ip ospf database

Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)

ASBR (This) ABR
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 1482 0x8000000b 0x00ec09

• Link ID - Router ID of ASBR

• ADV Router - Router ID ABR advertising route
• Bottom line: Routers in non-area 0, should see Router ID of ASBR
and its ABR to get there .
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 4 -> “Reachability to the A S B R”
1 2 3 4 40
LSA 4 – ASBR Summary Link States (INTERNAL)
ABR
R33# show ip ospf database

Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)

ASBR (Advertising) ABR
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 130 0x8000000b 0x00ec09

• Link ID - Router ID of ASBR

• ADV Router - Router ID ABR advertising route

• Bottom line: Routers in non-area 0, should see Router ID of ASBR

and its ABR to get there .
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 4 -> “Reachability to the A S B R”
1 2 3 4
41
LSA 4 – ASBR Summary Link States

LSA 4 LSA 1’s

e bit
LSA 4

42
LSA 5 - AS External Link
States

LSA 5 – AS External LSA

 Originated by the ASBR.
 Describes destination networks external to the Autonomous System (This
OSPF Routing Domain)
 Flooded throughout the OSPF AS except to stub and totally stubby areas
 Denoted in routing table as E1 or E2 (default) route (soon)
 ASBR – Router which “redistributes” routes into the OSPF domain.
Exceptions
 Not flooded to Stub and Totally Stubby networks.
 More on this later
43
LSA 5 - AS External Link States
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | 5 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Network Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|E| 0 | metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Forwarding address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| External Route Tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|E| TOS | TOS metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Forwarding address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| External Route Tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... | 44
 Added ->

ASBR

R2 (ASBR)
router ospf 1
redistribute static
ip route 57.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ser 0/3

45
 R2 (ASBR)
router ospf 1
redistribute static
ip route 57.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ser 0/3

LSA 5
LSA 5’s
LSA 5

 redistribute command or default-information originate command creates

an ASBR router.
 LSA 5s
 Originated by the ASBR.
 Describes destination networks external to the OSPF Routing Domain
 Flooded throughout the OSPF AS except to stub and totally stubby
areas 46
 ASBR
R1# show ip ospf database

Type-5 AS External Link States <- Note, NO Area!

R2 (ASBR)
router ospf 1
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq#
redistribute Checksum Tag
static
0.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 2088 0x80000003 0x00ddeb
default-information 1
originate
57.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 2089 0x80000003
ip route 0x00ddeb
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ser0 0/2
ip route 57.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ser 0/3
• Link ID = External Networks
• ADV Router = Router ID of ASBR
• Note: For ABRs: There is only one set of “AS External Link States” in
database summary. In other words, an ABR router will only show one set of
“AS External Link States,” not one per area.
• Bottom line: All Routers should see External networks and the Router ID of
ASBR to get there .
• Rick’s reminder: LSA 5 -> O T H E R networks
1 2 3 4 5 47
 LSA 5 - AS External Link States
R1# show ip route

O E2 57.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 10.0.0.2, 00:16:02, Serial0/0

O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:16:02, Serial0/0

• Designated by “E2”
• Notice that the cost is 20 for all redistributed routes, we will see why later.
• It has to do with E2 routes and where the default cost is 20.
– Redistribute command (Route Optimization chapter): If a value is not
specified for the metric option, and no value is specified using the default-
metric command, the default metric value is 0, except for OSPF where the
default cost is 20.
• Cost of 1 for the redistributed route.

48
 LSA 5 - AS External Link States
R33# show ip ospf database

Type-5 AS External Link States <- Note, NO Area!

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag

0.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 278 0x80000003 0x00ddeb 1
57.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1187 0x80000003 0x00ddeb 0

R33# show ip route

O E2 57.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 10.0.0.2, 00:16:02, Serial0/0

O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:16:02, Serial0/0

49
LSA 5 - AS External Link States
E1 vs. E2 External Routes
 External routes fall under two categories:
 external type 1
 external type 2 (default)
 The difference between the two is in the way the cost (metric) of the route
is being calculated.
 The cost of a type 2 route is always the external cost, irrespective of the
interior cost to reach that route.
 A type 1 cost is the addition of the external cost and the internal cost
used to reach that route.
 A type 1 route is always preferred over a type 2 route for the same
destination.
 More later… 50
Stub Areas
Stub Areas

Considerations for both Stub and Totally Stubby Areas

 An area could be qualified a stub when:
 There is a single exit point (a single ABR) from that area. More than one ABR can
be used, but be ready to “accept non-optimal routing paths.”
 If routing to outside of the area does not have to take an optimal path.
 The area is not needed as a transit area for virtual links (later).
 The ASBR is not within the stub area
 The area is not the backbone area (area 0)
 Stub areas will result in memory and processing savings depending upon the size of the
52
network.
Stub Area

53
Stub Areas
Receives all routes from within A.S.:
 Within the local area - LSA 1s and LSA 2s (if appropriate)
 From other areas (Inter-Area) - LSA 3s

Does not receive routes from External A.S. (External Routes).

ABR:
 ABR blocks all LSA 4s and LSA 5s.
 ‘If LSA 5s are not known inside an area, LSA 4s are not necessary.’
 LSA 3s are propagated by the ABR.

Note: Default route is automatically injected into stub area by ABR

 External Routes: Once the ABR gets a packet headed to a default route, it must have
a default route, either static or propagated by the ASBR via default information
originate (coming!)
Configuration:
 All routers in the area must be configured as “stub”
54
 Stub Areas –
Additional Commands
R3 (ABR)
 
router ospf 1
area 51 stub << Command: area area stub

R100 (INTERNAL)
 
router ospf 1
area 51 stub << Command: area area stub

R200 (INTERNAL) • All routers in the area must

  be configured as “stub”
router ospf 1 including the ABR
area 51 stub << Command: area area stub
55
LSA 1s still
sent within
each area.
Stub Area
LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
route to
ABR We only see routes in our
• Sent by ABR: LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) injected area, other areas, and a
• Blocked: default route.
No external routes.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR)
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in External routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tables. 56
 Stub Areas
R100# show ip ospf database

Summary Net Link States (Area 51)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum

9.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1752 0x80000037 0x00ba22
0.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1612 0x80000038 0x00ca50
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 625 0x80000039 0x00db11
192.168.2.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003a 0x00dd10
10.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003b 0x00dd10
172.16.2.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003c 0x00dd10
172.16.1.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003d 0x00dd10
172.30.2.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003e 0x00dc11
172.30.1.0 3.3.3.3 614 0x8000003f 0x00dc11

• No LSA 4s or LSA 5s for stub area routers.

• Default Route injected by ABR (LSA 3) 57
R200# show ip route
Stub Areas
9.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 9.0.0.0 [110/129] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 10.0.0.0 [110/1691] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
11.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA LSA
11.0.0.0 [110/1627] via1’s (Within00:25:52,
99.0.0.5, area) FastEthernet0/0
LSA
99.0.0.0/8 is variably 3’s (Other
subnetted, areas) 2 masks
4 subnets,
O 99.0.0.0/30 [110/65] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
C No LSA
99.0.0.4/30 is directly 4’s (ASBR)
connected, FastEthernet0/0
O No LSA 5’s (External routes)
99.1.0.0/16 [110/2] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
C 99.2.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
Default Route (Injected by ABR)
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
O IA NOTE
172.16.1.0 [110/1692] viaon default 00:25:52,
99.0.0.5, route: FastEthernet0/0
O IA
O
•
172.16.2.0 [110/1692] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
ABR will advertise a default route with a cost of 1
172.16.10.0 [110/66] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
O • cost99.0.0.5,
172.16.11.0 [110/66] via of 66 = 100:25:52,
(Default)FastEthernet0/0
+1 (Fa) + 64 (serial link)
O IA
•
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
The default cost can be modified with the ospf command:
172.30.1.0 [110/1693] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
O IA ABR(config-router)#
172.30.2.0 [110/1693] via area area-id default-cost
99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0 cost
O IA 192.168.2.0/24 [110/1628] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
200.200.200.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 200.200.200.200 is directly connected, Loopback0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/66] via 99.0.0.5, 00:25:52, FastEthernet0/0
58
R3# show ip route
Stub Areas
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
9.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 9.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0/2
10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 10.0.0.0 [110/1626] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:41, Serial0/3
11.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 11.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0/3
• Notice, there
99.0.0.0/8 is no automatic
is variably subnetted,default route
3 subnets, on ABR, as there are with the internal
2 masks
C 99.0.0.0/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0
O
stub routers.
99.0.0.4/30 [110/65] via 99.0.0.2, 00:00:46, Serial0/0
O• This default [110/65]
99.1.0.0/16 route came from the00:00:46,
via 99.0.0.2, ASBR. Serial0/0
•
O IA
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
In other words the ABR will inject the default route into the stub area
172.16.1.0 [110/1627] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:31, Serial0/3
O IA whether or not
172.16.2.0 it hasvia
[110/1627] a default route
11.0.0.1, in itsSerial0/3
00:00:31, routing table.
C 172.16.10.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.16.11.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 172.30.1.0 [110/1628] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial0/3
O 192.168.2.0/24 [110/1563] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:41, Serial0/3
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:41, Serial0/3
59
Totally Stubby Areas
Totally Stubby
Area

61
Totally Stubby Areas
Receives routes from within A.S.:
 Only from within the local area - LSA 1s and LSA 2s (if appropriate)
 Does not receive routes from other areas (Inter-Area) - LSA 3s

Does not receive routes from External A.S. (External Routes)

ABR:
 ABR blocks all LSA 4s and LSA 5s.
 ABR blocks all LSA 3s, except propagating a default route.
 Default route is injected into totally stubby area by ABR.

Configuring:
 All routers must be configured as “stub”
 ABR must be configured as “stub no-summary” 62
Totally Stubby
Areas
R1: (ABR)
 
router ospf 1
area 1 stub no-summary
^^ Command: area area stub no-summary

 
R22 and R33: (INTERNAL ROUTERS)
 
router ospf 1

area 1 stub
^^ Command: area area stub
63
 LSA 1s still sent
Totally within each area.
Stubby Area
Stub Area
Blocked LSA 3 LSA 3
Blocked LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
Blocked LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
Default
route to
We only see routes in our area and route to
ABR
a default route. ABR
injected No inter-area or external routes. We only see routes in
• Blocked:
injected our area, other areas,
• LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) and a default route.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR) No external routes.
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in other areas and external routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tables. 64
 Totally Stubby
Areas
R33# show ip route

33.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 33.33.33.33 is directly connected, Loopback0
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 172.16.2.0 [110/2] via 172.16.1.1, 00:02:13, FastEthernet0/0
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.30.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
O 172.30.2.0 [110/2] via 172.16.1.3, 00:02:23, FastEthernet0/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/2] via 172.16.1.1, 00:02:13, FastEthernet0/0

• Default route is injected into totally stubby area by ABR for all other networks
(inter-area and external routes)
• Does not receive routes from other areas (Inter-Area)
• Does not receive routes from External A.S. (External Routes) 65
Totally Stubby Areas
R1# show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0
9.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 9.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0/1
10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
11.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 11.0.0.0 [110/1626] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
99.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O IA • Notice, there is no automatic default route on ABR, as there
99.0.0.0/30 [110/1690] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
O IA
O IA
are with the internal stub routers.
99.0.0.4/30 [110/1691] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
99.1.0.0/16 [110/1691] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0

C
• This default route came from the ASBR.
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C • In other words the ABR will inject the default route into the
172.16.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
O IA 172.16.10.0 [110/1627] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
O IA stub area whether or not it has a default route in its routing
172.16.11.0 [110/1627] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
table.
172.30.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 172.30.1.0 [110/2] via 172.16.1.2, 00:04:51, FastEthernet0/0
O 172.30.2.0 [110/2] via 172.16.1.3, 00:04:41, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:05:26, Serial0/0
66
Quick Review

67
LSA 1s – Router LSAs

LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s
LSA 1’s

 show ip ospf database – Router Link States (LSA 1’s)

 Should display all the RouterIDs of routers in that area, including its own.

 show ip route – “O” routes

 Routes within that area 68
LSA 2s – Network LSAs

LSA 2’s
LSA 2’s

 show ip ospf database – Net Link States (LSA 2’s)

 Net Link States (LSA2’s) should display the RouterIDs of the DRs on all
multi-access networks in the area and their IP addresses.
 show ip route – “O” routes
 Routes within that area
69
LSA 3 – Summary LSAs

LSA 3’s
LSA 3’s
LSA 1’s

 show ip ospf database – Summary Net Link States (LSA 3’s)

 Link ID = IP network addresses of networks in other areas
 ADV Router = ABR Router ID sending the LSA-3
 show ip route – “IA” (Inter-Area Routes)
 Routes in other areas 70
LSA 4 – ASBR Summary Link States

LSA 4 LSA 1’s

ebit
LSA 4

 show ip ospf database – Summary Net Link States (LSA 3’s)

 Link ID = IP network addresses of networks in other areas
 ADV Router = ABR Router ID sending the LSA-3
 show ip route – “IA” (Inter-Area Routes)
 Routes in other areas 71
LSA 5 – External Link States
R2 (ASBR)
router ospf 1
redistribute static
ip route 57.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ser 0/3

LSA 5
LSA 5’s
LSA 5

 Redistribute or default-information originate creates an ASBR router.

 Originated by the ASBR.
 Describes destination networks external to the OSPF Routing Domain
 Flooded throughout the OSPF AS except to stub and totally stubby areas 72
Stub Area LSA 1s still sent
within each area.
Stub Area
LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
route to
ABR We only see routes in our
• Sent by ABR: LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) injected area, other areas, and a
• Blocked: default route.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR) No external routes.
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in External routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tables. 73
Totally Stubby Area LSA 1s still sent
Totally within each area.
Stubby Area Stub Area
Blocked LSA 3 LSA 3
Blocked LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
Blocked LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
route to Default
ABR We only see routes in our area and route to
injected a default route. ABR
No inter-area or external routes. We only see routes in
• Blocked: injected our area, other areas,
• LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) and a default route.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR) No external routes.
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in other areas and external routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tab les. 74
Multiple ABRs and Calculating
the Cost of Intra-Area Routes
Cost Inter-Area Routes
10 + 21 = 30 My cost = 21

15 + 6 = 21

My
c os
t =6

 ABRs propagate information about the inter-area routes with LSA 3

with their lowest cost to reach a specific subnet in the
advertisement.
 Router adds its cost to reach a specific ABR plus the LSA 3 cost
 Router selects the route with the lowest total cost as the best route. 90
Selecting between Intra-Area and Inter-Area
Co
st =
C 21
o
s
t
=
1
6

 Inter-Area routes are always preferred over Intra-Area routes, even

if the cost is more.-> sai
 This helps prevent routing loops.

91
Multiple ABRs
Routing
Table ABR1
RTA
Distribute
List LSA 1’s Network X
RTB

SPF
RTC ABR2

LSDB
Area 51 Area 0

 Intra-area routes, OSPF uses pure Link State logic.

 All routers inside the area have an identical copy of the LSDB for that area.

92
 Multiple ABRs
To ABR
Routing
Table ABR1
RTA
Distribute
Link State Logic
List LSA 3’s Network X
RTB

SPF Distance Vector Logic

RTC ABR2

LSDB LSA 3’s Area 51 Area 0

 Best route to reach each ABR is an intra-area SPF calculation.
 Interarea routes (LSA 3s) use Distance Vector logic.
 ABR advertises Type 3 Summary LSAs (metric but not topology information).
 Total cost to Network X = Cost to ABR + ABR’s cost to Network X.
 RTB selects best route to Network X via ABR1 and/or ABR2.
93
Multiple ABRs Normal
Area
My cost to
ABR1 network X is
The best path to RTA
Cost = 20 10
Network X is via
LSA 3’s Network X
ABR1 with a total RTB Cost = 205
cost of 20.
My cost to
RTC ABR2 network X is
200
Area 51 Area 0
 Total cost to Network X = Cost to ABR + ABR’s cost to Network X.
 RTB selects best route to Network X via ABR1 and/or ABR2.

 With stub and totally stubby areas this may not be the most optimum route!

94
 Multiple ABRs – Stub Networks
Totally Stubby Area
ABR2 is “closer” a My cost to
lesser metric, so I will ABR1 network X is
RTA
use ABR2 for all Cost = 10 10
routes outside my LSA 3’s Network X
RTB Cost = 5
area even if its not
the most optimum Default Route My cost to
path. RTC ABR2 network X is
200
Area 51 Area 0
 Stub and totally stubby area ABRs inject a default route into the area.
 Stub ABRs block LSA 4’s and 5’s (external networks)
 Totally Stubby ABRs block LSA 3’s (interarea networks), 4’s and 5’s (external
networks)
 In both cases internal routers can only determine the best route to an ABR, which
may not be the best route to the destination network. 95
Virtual Links
Virtual Links

97
Virtual Links

 All areas in an OSPF autonomous system must be physically connected to the

backbone area (area 0).
 This is not always possible, you can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone
through a non-backbone area.
 Transit area - The area through which you configure the virtual link and must have
full routing information.
 Must be configured between two ABRs.
 The transit area cannot be a stub area. 98
Virtual Links

 A virtual link has the following two requirements:

 It must be established between two routers that share a common area and are
both ABRs.
 One of these two routers must be connected to the backbone.
 Doyle, “should be used only as a temporary fix to an unavoidable topology
problem.”

99
Virtual Links

 Routers do not have to be directly connected.

100
The command to configure a virtual link is as follows:
area <area-id> virtual-link <remote-router-id>
RTA(config)#router ospf 1
RTA(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 51
RTA(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 3
RTA(config-router)#area 3 virtual-link 10.0.0.1
…
RTB(config)#router ospf 1
RTB(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 3
RTB(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
RTB(config-router)#area 3 virtual-link 10.0.0.2
101
 Virtual
Links
 OSPF allows for linking
discontinuous parts of
the backbone using a
virtual link.
 OSPF messages
between virtual link
routers sent as unicast.
router ospf 1
area 1 virtual-link 4.4.4.4
C1 interface loopback 1
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
router ospf 4
area 1 virtual-link 1.1.1.1
C2
interface loopback 1
ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.0 102
Route Summarization
Route
Summarization
Inter-Area Route Summarization - Area Range
 By default ABRs do not summarize routes between areas.
 In OSPF, an ABR will advertise networks in one area into another area.
 If at least one component subnet exists (subnets that sit inside the range), then the ABR advertises
the summary route as a Type 3 LSA.
 If no component subnets exist, the ABR does not advertise the summary.
 The ABR assigns a metric for the summary route's Type 3 LSA, by default, to match the best
(lowest) metric amongst all component subnets.
 The area range command can also explicitly set the cost of the summary.

On the ABR (Summarizes routes before injecting them into different area)
Router(config-router)# area area-id range network-address subnet-mask
 area-id - Identifier of the area about which routes are to be summarized.
(From area)
106
172.17.1.0/24
172.17.2.0/24
172.17.3.0/24
172.17.4.0/24
172.17.5.0/24
172.17.6.0/24
172.17.7.0/24
 Summarize Area 1 172.17.0.0 routes on Area 1 ABRs .

107
172.17.1.0/24
172.17.2.0/24
172.17.3.0/24
172.17.4.0/24
172.17.5.0/24
172.17.6.0/24
172.17.7.0/24

172.17. 0000 0001 . 0000 0000

172.17. 0000 0010 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0011 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0100 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0101 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0110 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0111 . 0000 0000 108
172.17.1.0/24
172.17.2.0/24
172.17.3.0/24
172.17.4.0/24
172.17.5.0/24
172.17.6.0/24
172.17.7.0/24

172.17.0.0 255.255.248.0 (/21)

172.17. 0000 0001 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0010 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0011 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0100 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0101 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0110 . 0000 0000
172.17. 0000 0111 . 0000 0000 109
172.17.1.0/24
172.17.2.0/24
172.17.3.0/24
172.17.4.0/24
172.17.5.0/24
172.17.6.0/24
172.17.7.0/24
router ospf 1
area 1 range 172.17.0.0 255.255.248.0

110
Inter-Area Route Summarization - Area Range
Before
R2# show ip route
172.17.0.0/24 is subnetted, 7 subnets
O IA 172.17.1.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.2.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.3.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.4.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.5.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.6.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0
O IA 172.17.7.1 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:02:19, Serial0/0

After
R2# show ip route

O IA 172.17.0.0/21 [110/66] via 10.0.0.1, 00:10:17, Serial0/0

111
 128.213.64.0 /24
…
128.213.95.0 /24

External Route Summarization - summary-address

 When redistributing routes from other protocols into OSPF (later), each route is advertised individually in
an external link state advertisement (LSA).
 However, you can configure the Cisco IOS software to advertise a single route for all the redistributed
routes that are covered by a specified network address and mask.
 Doing so helps decrease the size of the OSPF link state database.
On the ASBR only (Summarizes external routes before injecting them into the OSPF domain.)
Router(config-router)# summary-address network-address subnet-mask 112
Route Summarization
128.213.64.0 /24
…
128.213.95.0 /24

ASBR
router ospf 1
summary-address 128.213.64.0 255.255.224.0
redistribute bgp 50 metric 1000 subnets (later)
113
Default Routes
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF

 By default, 0.0.0.0/0 route is not propagated from the ASBR to other routers.
 An autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) can be forced to generate a default
route into the OSPF domain.
 As discussed earlier, a router becomes an ASBR whenever routes are redistributed
into an OSPF domain.
 However, an ASBR does not, by default, generate a default route into the OSPF
routing domain. 115
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF

The way that OSPF generates default routes (0.0.0.0) varies depending on the type of
area the default route is being injected into.
Stub and Totally Stubby Areas
 For stub and totally stubby areas, the area border router (ABR) to the stub area
generates a summary link-state advertisement (LSA) with the link-state ID 0.0.0.0.
 This is true even if the ABR doesn't have a default route.
 In this scenario, you don't need to use the default-information originate command. 116
Stub Area LSA 1s still sent
within each area.
Stub Area
LSA 3 LSA 3
LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
route to
ABR We only see routes in our
• Sent by ABR: LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) injected area, other areas, and a
• Blocked: default route.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR) No external routes.
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in External routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tables. 117
Totally Stubby Area LSA 1s still sent
Totally within each area.
Stubby Area Stub Area
Blocked LSA 3 LSA 3
Blocked LSA 4 LSA 4 Blocked
Blocked LSA 5 LSA 5 Blocked

Default
route to Default
ABR We only see routes in our area and route to
injected a default route. ABR
No inter-area or external routes. We only see routes in
• Blocked: injected our area, other areas,
• LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) and a default route.
• LSA 4s (reachability to ASBR) No external routes.
• LSA 5s (External routes)
• The ABR injects a default route into the stub area, pointing to the ABR.
• This does not mean the ABR has a default route of its own.
• Changes in other areas and external routes no longer affect Stub Area routing tab les. 118
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF

Normal Areas
 By default, in normal areas routers don't generate default routes.
 To have an OSPF router generate a default route, use the default-information originate command.
 This generates an external type-2 link with link-state ID 0.0.0.0 and network mask 0.0.0.0.
 This command should only be used on the ASBR.
 Some documentation states this command works only on an ASBR while other documentation
states this command turns a router into an ASBR .
119
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF

To have OSPF generate a default route use the following:

router ospf 10
default-information originate [always] [metric metric-value]
[metric-type type-value] [route-map map-name] 120
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF
There are two ways to generate a default.
1) default-information originate
 Conditional: If the ASBR already has the default route (ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0),
you can advertise 0.0.0.0 into the area.

2) default-information originate always

 Unconditional: If the ASBR doesn't have the route (ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0), you
can add the keyword always to the default-information originate command, and
then advertise 0.0.0.0.
 You should be careful when using the always keyword. If your router advertises a
default (0.0.0.0) inside the domain and does not have a default itself or a path to
reach the destinations, routing will be broken.
121
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF

ASBR
router ospf 1
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
default-information originate
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 122
Injecting Default Routes into OSPF
No 0.0.0.0/0 route, but
propagated anyway or
“always”

ASBR
router ospf 1
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
default-information originate always
123
Redistributing External Routes
E1 vs. E2 External Routes
 External routes fall under two categories:
 External type 1
 External type 2.
 The difference between the two is in the way the cost (metric) of the route is being
calculated.

 A type 1 (E1) cost is the addition of the external cost and the internal cost used to
reach that route.
 The cost of a type 2 (E2) route is always the external cost, irrespective of the interior
cost to reach that route.
 Type 2 (E2) is the default!
124
Redistributing External Routes metric-type 1
RIP routes redistributed with a metric
(cost) of 500 plus the outgoing cost of
the interface and a metric-type 1

564 564

565

566

ASBR
router ospf 1
redistribute rip metric 500 metric-type 1
network 206.202.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 127
Redistributing External Routes metric-type 2

RIP routes redistributed with a metric

(cost) of 500 and a metric-type 2 (default)

500 500

500

500

ASBR
router ospf 1
redistribute rip metric 500 metric-type 2
network 206.202.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 128
MPLS and OSPF

129
Adjacency over Layer 2 MPLS VPN

 EoMPLS is also known as a type of MetroEthernet

 R1 and R2 exchange Ethernet frames transparently across the MPLS backbone
 They are connected to Provider Edge (PE) routers.
 The PE1 router:
 Takes encapsulates the Ethernet frame into an MPLS packet and forwards it
across the backbone to the PE2 router
 The PE2 router:
 Decapsulates the MPLS packet
 Reproduces the Ethernet frame on its Ethernet link to router R2 130
 When deploying OSPF over EoMPLS, there are no changes to the OSPF
configuration from the customer perspective.
 The PE1 and PE2 routers are not visible.
 A neighbor relationship is established directly between routers R1 and
R2 (just like any Ethernet broadcast network).
 The OSPF network type is a multiaccess broadcast network so DR and
BDR routers are elected. 131
Adjacency over Layer 3 MPLS VPN

 To the customer routers running OSPF (routers R1 and R2), the Layer 3
MPLS VPN backbone looks like a standard corporate backbone.
 The CE routers form adjacencies with the PE routers.
 The OSPF network type of the CE-PE link can be point-to-point, broadcast
or NBMA.

132
Configuring OSPF – Part 2 of 2

CIS 185 CCNP ROUTE

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]