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    Understanding The Self: Chapter One

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    Vyne Go
    This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the self from various fields including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and psychology. It begins with an introduction to philosophical perspectives on human nature from thinkers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and others. It then discusses perspectives from anthropology such as how the self is embedded in culture. Perspectives from sociology and psychology are also mentioned such as the self as a social construction. The document lists chapter objectives and questions for self-examination. It provides details on philosophical views of the self from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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    Understanding The Self: Chapter One

    Uploaded by

    Vyne Go
    34 views29 pages
    This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the self from various fields including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and psychology. It begins with an introduction to philosophical perspectives on human nature from thinkers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and others. It then discusses perspectives from anthropology such as how the self is embedded in culture. Perspectives from sociology and psychology are also mentioned such as the self as a social construction. The document lists chapter objectives and questions for self-examination. It provides details on philosophical views of the self from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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    This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the self from various fields including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and psychology. It begins with an introduction to philosophical perspectives on human nature from thinkers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and others. It then discusses perspectives from anthropology such as how the self is embedded in culture. Perspectives from sociology and psychology are also mentioned such as the self as a social construction. The document lists chapter objectives and questions for self-examination. It provides details on philosophical views of the self from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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    34 views29 pages

    Understanding The Self: Chapter One

    Uploaded by

    Vyne Go
    This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the self from various fields including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and psychology. It begins with an introduction to philosophical perspectives on human nature from thinkers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and others. It then discusses perspectives from anthropology such as how the self is embedded in culture. Perspectives from sociology and psychology are also mentioned such as the self as a social construction. The document lists chapter objectives and questions for self-examination. It provides details on philosophical views of the self from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Understanding The Self

    Chapter One
    Philosophical Perspective:
    Plato, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Thomas
    Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Paul Sartre

    The Self in Western and Eastern thought:


    Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism

    Chapter 1: The Self from


    Various Perspectives
    Anthropology:
    The Self & the Person in Contemporary Anthropology, The Self
    Embedded in Culture

    Sociology:
    The Self as a Product of Modern Society Among other Construction,
    Mead & the Social Self

    Psychology:
    The Self as a Cognitive Construction and Multiple Intelligence.

    Chapter 1: The
    Self from Various
    Perspectives
    a)Discuss the different representations and
    conceptualizations of the philosophical thought on
    human nature.
    b)Examine the different influences, factors and
    ideas that shape the self through philosophical
    thought on human nature.
    c)Analyze the different perspective presented by
    different philosophers.

    Objectives
     
    At the end of the course,
    students will be able to:
    Questions:
    a) How would you describe yourself?
    b) Do you love yourself? Why or why not?
    c) What are you most grateful in life?
    d) What are the biggest and most important
    things in your life so far?

    ACTIVITY 1:
    SELF EXAMINATION
    Philosophical Perspective

    Chapter 1
    Introduction
    The field of philosophy has asked significant
    questions that

    led to be the understanding of


    what human being is and how
    he/she must be handled.

    Ancient philosophy views of human nature


    from the earliest recorded events to around
    the fifth century of the AD. Philosophy the
    science of the logical foundation of all
    knowledge.
    Human refers to anything exclusively
    pertinent to man, while nature comes from
    the Latin word “natus” which means to be
    born or being born. It is the ultimate
    operation of reality.

    Concept and
    Therefore, human nature
    Human refers to anything
    Nature of exclusively human which
    man naturally possess right
    Self at his birth. Humans can be
    universal and static.
    Ancient philosophers have striven to
    explain natural and social phenomena, thus
    it was inevitable that they would
    come up with various conceptions of
    what it means to be human , and in
    doing so, the definitions of the self.
    Philosophy is often called
    the mother of all
    disciplines, simply because
    all fields of study began as
    philosophical discourses.
    Socrates acclaimed as the greatest
    philosopher in Western civilization. A well-known
    Greek teachers (Sophist) in which he shared his
    knowledge to others. Since there are no written
    works of Socrates we know about him through
    second-hand information from his disciples Plato
    and Xenophon, it was his students recorded his
    understandings.

    Classical/Ancient
    Times: Socrates
    (470-399 B.C)
    Socrates was known for his method of
    inquiry in testing an idea which is
    called the “ S o c r a t i c M e t h o d ”

    whereby an idea was tested by asking a series of


    questions to determine underlying beliefs and the
    extent of knowledge to guide the person toward
    better understanding.
    Continuation……Socrates
    Socrates ideas were:
    The soul is immortal. Socrates put more
    emphasis on the attitudinal level of human nature
    since he gives more value to the human soul rather than
    the body. He argued that human soul should be
    nurtured properly through acquisition of knowledge,
    wisdom and virtue.

    Knowledge and virtue are not distinct from each


    other. Human beings can distinguish virtue and
    knowledge from ignorance. Evil is not man’s intention; it
    is the result of ignorance that an action may possibly end
    with. Knowledge is virtue and ignorance is evil.
    Scenario:
    At a restaurant you notice your friend’s wife engaged in
    some serious flirting with another man. Tell your friend—
    and possibly ruin his marriage—or mind your own business?

    Activity 2: Your friend is on her way out the


    …..Just door for a significant date and
    give a asks whether you like her
    thought blouse. Do you tell her the truth:
    It’s hideous?
    Plato is a dualist [both immaterial mind
    (soul) and material body] – human being is
    divided into two component parts; the body
    and the soul. It is the soul that knows the
    forms. He believed the soul exists before
    birth and after death.

    Classical/Anc Plato was the student of Socrates.


    ient Times: He was a philosopher and
    mathematician in classical Greece.
    Plato Plato helped to lay the foundations
    (422-347 B.C) of Western philosophy and science.
    The two component parts: the body and the soul.
       

    HUMAN BODY HUMAN SOUL


       

    Phenomenal World Ideal World


     

    Material Immaterial
     

    Cannot live and move apart


    Can exist apart from the body
    from the soul
     

    Mutable and destructible Immutable and indestructible


     
    Plato viewed human beings as inherently
    rational, social souls burdened by
    imprisonment within their physical bodies.
    Thus he believed that the soul or mind attains
    knowledge of the forms, as opposed to the
    senses. Needless to say, we should care
    about our soul rather than our body.
    Classical/Ancient Times:
    Plato
    (422-347 B.C)
    Activity
    We are not self-sufficient,
    we need others, and we
    benefit from our social
    interactions, from other
    person’s talents, aptitudes,
    and friendship.

    Plato also emphasized


    the social aspect of
    human nature.
    Aristotle was a student of Plato’s and the
    tutor of Alexander the Great. Aristotle’s
    background in biological subjects made him
    more of an empiricist [truth discovered
    primarily by the senses] as compared to the
    mathematician Plato’s rationalism [truth
    discovered primarily by reason.]
    Classical/Ancient
    Times :
    Aristotle
    (384-322 BC)
    What are we?
    Rational, social animals (At the core we
    are rational beings)
    - rationality is our nature, because
    rationality is our natural function.
    [Rationality sets us apart from
    other animals - it makes us human .]
    Aristotle rejects Plato’s
    believe. As a biologist, Aristotle recognized that living things
    include plants as well as human and non-human animal
    which is primarily about taking in nutrients, reproducing,
    and the like. Human animals add to this as a rational
    structure which makes them unique.
    contrary to Plato’s belief….

    Soul can exist only in the


    bodies and when the body
    dies the soul dies with it .

    though the soul


    represents the
    highest faculty of
    human nature.
    **when we didn’t take care our body the soul dies with it.
    Philosophy of the Self has
    been defined through two
    distinct philosophical views:
    a) empiricism
    b) rationalism
    The Self – has been defined as
    “as a unified being,
    essentially connected to
    consciousness, awareness
    and agency (or at least,
    with the faculty of
    rational choice).”
    In empiricism, there is no such thing
    an innate knowledge , and that instead,
    knowledge is derived from experience
    (either sense via the five senses or reasoned
    via the brain in mind).

    Empiricism:
    It derives explanation of the self from
    sensory and bodily responses. We know
    things because we have experienced
    it through our bodily senses.
    In rationalism, there is innate
    knowledge. Rationalism explains self
    from the standpoint of what is
    “ideal” and the “truth” , not rooted
    in what is felt by neither the senses nor
    the body.
    Rationalism:
    In a ¼ sheet of paper, answer
    the following statement.

    Activity:
    “How Do I See Instruction: For each
    Myself?” statement, indicate
    whether you agree or
    disagree.
      a) My life choices are based on what I have
    actually experienced.
    b) My views about the world are dependent on
    what I have actually witnessed.
    c) I am likely to buy a brand that I have already
    used, not based on referrals.
    d) I would rather remain in my comfort zone than
    try something new.
    e) Most of the time, I make choices based on the
    present rather than the future.
    f) I am likely to hold on to what I have now, even
    if there is a greater option in the future.
    g) For me, happiness is tangible.
    If majority of your answer is “agree”, then you
    are an empiricist. If majority of your answer is
    “disagree”, then you are a rationalist.
    Serving Key:
    Question?
    ..end

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