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Varieties in Language

Varieties in language can take many forms, including geographical dialects, sociolects, registers, styles, speech levels, and codes. A geographical or regional dialect is a variety pertaining to a particular local region, developing over time as groups separated by geographical boundaries develop differing norms of language usage. Sociolects are speech varieties distinguished by the social status and educational background of their users. Style and register variations depend on factors like the level of formality required by the speaking occasion or social relationships between participants. Pidgins and creoles also represent linguistic varieties that develop from contact between speakers with different native languages.

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160 views

Varieties in Language

Varieties in language can take many forms, including geographical dialects, sociolects, registers, styles, speech levels, and codes. A geographical or regional dialect is a variety pertaining to a particular local region, developing over time as groups separated by geographical boundaries develop differing norms of language usage. Sociolects are speech varieties distinguished by the social status and educational background of their users. Style and register variations depend on factors like the level of formality required by the speaking occasion or social relationships between participants. Pidgins and creoles also represent linguistic varieties that develop from contact between speakers with different native languages.

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Shella Danga Dela Cruz
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VARIETIES IN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION
All languages exibit a great deal of internal variation. What is meant by a variety of
language ? Wardhaugh (1986) defines it as "a specific set of linguistic items" or
"human speech pattern (sounds, word, grammatical area or social group.

A member of a speech community need to have communicative competence in just


one speech variety. This claim does not seem so hard to accept when we consider
speech variety is not generally Interpreted as language.
A speech variety could be a national language but it also refer to a geographical or a
social dialect (sociolect) or specialized varieties such as register, style , and speech
levels, etc.)

The range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal is referred to as
a speech repertoire (John T. Plat and H.K Plat,1975:33)
In Monolingual and multilingual speech
community , some , language together with their
variations become parts of language refer to a
single language and varieties such as dialect,
register and speech level.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT
SOCIOLECT
Language variety can be form of dialect Into geographical ,
social, age, gender, belief , ethnic, race dialect
(Poedjosoedarmo 1975) .
Geographical or regional dialects usually a speech
varieties pertaining to a particular local region (Pratt)
Wardhaugh (1986) states "Geographical or regional variation
in the way language is spoken likely to be one of the most
noticeable way in which we observe variety in language.
-A language in a particular place that being spoken for a
hundred years It has differences In pronunciation, in the
choices and in form of words and syntax.
Distinctive varieties are usually called regional or
geographical dialects of the language. These
developed as different norms arise in the usage of groups
who are separated by some of geographic boundary.
Sociolects are speech varieties in the signal social status
and educational background. (Pratt,2004
(Trudgill 1986) have a notion that in language, there are
two dialects: regional (geographical) and social dialect
STYLES
Style refer to a language variety that is divided based on
speech or speaking situation into formal and informal
styles.
Try to relate level of formality chosen to a number of
factors
1. The kind of occasion
2. The various social , age , and other differences that
exist between the participants
3. The particular task that is involve e.g. speaking or
writing .
4. The emotional involvement of one or more of the
participants. (Wardhaugh)
REGISTER
Varieties of language which are more closely associated with setting
or scene in which they are used with the people who are using them
ate usually Included In the concept of register, and distinguished
from one another primarily on the dimension of relative formality.

Register is one complicating factor in any study of language


varieties. It is sets of vocabulary Items associated with discrete
occupational or social group.
SPEECH LEVELS
Speech levels (of Javanese Language) can be honorific speech
levels (Krana madya and krama inggil) and non -respective speech
levels (ngoko).

In this relation the author Soepomo poedjosoedarmo explains that


speech levels are also referred as codes.
the speech level have special characteristics according to the
speakers social background , the relationship to their listeners, and
the speech situation(1975:30).
Each speech level has an its own vocabulary , morpho-syntactic
rules and phonology. (Poedjosoedarmo 1979:3-8)
ELABORATED CODE
AND RESTRICTED CODE
Elaborated code contains complete sentences
and fulfils grammatical rules . It is generally used
for formal situations formal debate and academic
discussion.

Restricted code is generally used in informal


situations among close friends , the same member
of the family. (Trudgill,1974:51-52).
LINGUA FRANCA:
PIDGIN AND CREOLE
Lingua Franca is defined as 'a language
which is used habitually by people whose mother
tongues are different in order to facilitate to a
trade language , a contact language, an
international language (Wardhaugh,55-56).
The lingua francas may be spoken in various
ways. They are not only spoken different places ,
but Individual speakers vary widely in their ability
to use the languages.
Pidgin is a language with no native speakers: it is no one's
first language but it is a CONTACT LANGUAGE.It is
sometimes regarded as a "reduced" varirty of a 'normal'
language, considerable phonological variation , and mixture
of local vocabulary to meet the special needs of the contact
groups (Wardhaugh 1986:56)
Creoles are more fully developed than pidgins, generally
having more lexical items and a broader array of
grammatical distinctions.

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