INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SESSION - VI

B.S.BALAJI,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. ECE,
BGS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
B G NAGARA.
 AGENDA
• Learning objectives
• Sensors and Actuators
• Communication Interface
• Embedded firmware
• Other System components
• PCB and Passive components

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 Learning Objectives
• Understand the role of sensors, actuators and their interfacing with
the I/O subsystems of an embedded system.
• Learn about the interfacing of Piezo Buzzer, Push button switches,
etc. with the I/O subsystem of the embedded system.
• Learn about the different communication interfaces of an
embedded system
• Understand the various chip level communication interfaces like
I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, parallel bus, etc.
• Understand the different wired and wireless external
communication interfaces like RS-232C, RS-485, Parallel Port,
USB, IEEE1394, Infrared (IrDA), Bluetooth,Wi-Fi, ZigBee,
GPRS, etc.

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 Piezo Buzzer
• Piezo buzzer is a piezoelectric device for generating audio indications in
embedded application.
• A piezoelectric buzzer contains a piezoelectric diaphragm which produces audible
sound in response to the voltage applied to it.
• Piezoelectric buzzers are available in two types: ‘Self-driving’ and ‘External
driving’.
• The ‘Self-driving’ circuit contains all the necessary components to generate
sound at a predefined tone. It will generate a tone on applying the voltage.
• ‘External driving’ piezo buzzers supports the generation of different tones. The
tone can be varied by applying a variable pulse train to the piezoelectric buzzer.

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 Push button switch
• It is an input device. Push button switch comes in two configurations, namely
-‘Push to Make’ and ‘Push to Break’.
• In the ‘Push to Make’ configuration, the switch is normally in the open
state and it makes a circuit contact when it is pushed or pressed.
• In the ‘Push to Break’ configuration, the switch is normally in the closed
state and it breaks the circuit contact when it is pushed or pressed.
• In the embedded application push button is generally used as reset and start switch.

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 Communication Interface
• For an embedded product, the communication interface can be viewed in
two different perspectives; namely;
• Device/board level communication interface (Onboard Communication
Interface) and
• Product level communication interface (External Communication
Interface).
• Embedded product is a combination of different types of components
(chips/devices) arranged on a printed circuit board (PCB).
• Serial interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire, etc and parallel bus
interface are examples of ‘Onboard Communication Interface’.

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 Onboard Communication
Interfaces
• Onboard Communication Interface refers to the different
communication channels/buses for interconnecting the various
integrated circuits and other peripherals within the embedded system.
• The various interfaces for onboard communication are as follows:
i. Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus
ii. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
iii. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
iv. 1-Wire Interface
v. Parallel Interface

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 Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus
• The Inter Integrated Circuit Bus is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex
two wire serial interface bus. The I2C bus comprise of two bus lines, namely;
Serial Clock-SCL and Serial Data-SDA.
• SCL line is responsible for generating synchronization clock pulses and
SDA is responsible for transmitting the serial data across devices.
• Devices connected to the I2C bus can act as either ‘Master’ device or ‘Slave’
device.
• The ‘Master’ device is responsible for controlling the communication by
initiating/terminating data transfer, sending data and generating necessary
synchronization clock pulses.
• ‘Slave’ devices wait for the commands from the master and respond upon
receiving the commands. ‘Master’ and ‘Slave’ devices can act as either
transmitter or receiver. I2C supports multi masters on the same bus.

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 Continued

I2C Bus Interfacing

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 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
• The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) is a synchronous bidirectional
full duplex four-wire serial interface bus.
• SPI is a single master multi-slave system.
• SPI requires four signal lines for communication. They are Master Out
Slave In (MOSI), Master In Slave Out (MISO), Serial Clock (SCLK)
and Slave Select (SS).
• When compared to I2C, SPI bus is most suitable for applications
requiring transfer of data in ‘streams’.

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 Continued

SPI bus interfacing

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 1-wire Interface
• It is an asynchronous half-duplex communication protocol.
• It was developed by Maxim Dallas Semiconductor.
• It is also known as Dallas 1-wire.
• It uses a single wire DQ for communication and follows the master – slave
communication model.

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 Parallel Interface
• On-board parallel interface is used for communicating with peripheral devices which are
memory mapped to the host of the system.
• It can connect directly to the bus system of the embedded device.
• It can be controlled by the control signal interface between the host and the device /
peripheral.

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External Communication Interfaces
• The External Communication Interface refers to the different
communication channels/buses used by the embedded system to
communicate with the external world.
• The various interfaces for external communication are as follows
i. RS-232 C & RS-485
ii. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
iii. IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
iv. Infrared (IrDA)
v. Bluetooth (BT)
vi. Wi-Fi
vii. ZigBee
viii. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

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 RS-232 C & RS-485
• RS-232C is a legacy, full duplex, wired, asynchronous serial communication
interface. RS-232 supports two different types of connectors, namely; DB-9; 9-Pin
connector and DB-25: 25-Pin connector. RS-232 supports only point-to-point
communication and not suitable for multi-drop communication.
• RS-485 is the enhanced version of RS-422 and it supports multi-drop
communication with up to 32 transmitting devices (drivers) and 32 receiving
devices on the bus.

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 Continued

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 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a wired high speed serial bus for data
communication. The USB host can support connections up to 127,
including slave peripheral devices and other USB hosts.

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 IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
• IEEE 1394 (Firewire) is a wired, isochronous high speed serial
communication bus. It is also known as High Performance Serial Bus (HPSB).
• 1394 is a popular communication interface for connecting embedded devices
like Digital Camera, Camcorder, Scanners to desktop computers for data transfer
and storage.
• Unlike USB interface, IEEE 1394 doesn’t require a host for communicating
between devices. For example, you can directly connect a scanner with a printer for
printing.
• The data rate supported by 1394 is far higher than the one supported by USB 2.0
interface.
• The 1394 hardware implementation is much costlier than USB implementation.

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 Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
• Infrared (IrDA) is a serial, half duplex, line of sight based wireless
technology for data communication between devices. It is in use from
the olden days of communication and you may be very familiar with it.
• The remote control of your TV, VCD player, AC, etc works on Infrared data
communication principle.

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 Bluetooth (BT)
• Bluetooth is a low cost, low power, short range wireless technology for data and
voice communication. Bluetooth supports point-to-point (device to device) and point-
to-multipoint (device to multiple device broadcasting) wireless communication.
• A Bluetooth device can function as either master or slave. When a network is formed
with one Bluetooth device as master and more than one device as slaves, it is called a
Piconet. A Piconet supports a maximum of seven slave devices.
• Bluetooth is the favorite choice for short range data communication in handheld
embedded devices.
• Bluetooth technology is very popular among cell phone users as they are the easiest
communication channel for transferring ringtones, music files, pictures, media files,
etc between neighboring Bluetooth enabled phones.
• It supports a data rate of up to 1 Mbps and a range of approximately 30 feet for
data communication.

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 Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity is the popular wireless communication
technique for networked communication of devices.
• Wi-Fi is intended for network communication and it supports Internet
Protocol (IP) based communication.
• It is essential to have device identities in a multipoint communication to
address specific devices for data communication.
• Wi-Fi based communications require an intermediate agent called Wi-
Fi router/Wireless access point to manage the communications.
• Wi-Fi supports data rates ranging from 1 Mbps to 150 Mbps and offers a
range of 100 to 300 feet.

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 ZigBee
• ZigBee is a low power, low cost, wireless network communication
protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard.
• ZigBee is targeted for low power, low data rate and secure applications
for Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN).
• ZigBee operates worldwide at the unlicensed bands of Radio spectrum,
mainly at 2.400 to 2.484 GHz, 902 to 928 MHz and 868.0 to 868.6 MHz.
• ZigBee supports an operating distance of up to 100 meters and a data
rate of 20 to 250Kbps.

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 Continued
ZigBee device categories are as follows:
• ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)/Network Coordinator:
The ZigBee coordinator acts as the root of the ZigBee network. The ZC is responsible for
initiating the ZigBee network and it has the capability to store information about the
network.
• ZigBee Router (ZR)/Full Function Device (FFD):
Responsible for passing information from device to another device or to another ZR.
• ZigBee End Device (ZED)/Reduced Function Device (RFD):
End device containing ZigBee functionality for data communication.

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 GPRS
• GPRS is a communication technique for transferring data over a
mobile communication network like GSM.
• GPRS supports a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 17.2 kbps.
• The GPRS communication divides the channel into 8 timeslots and
transmits data over the available channel.

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 THANK YOU

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