Presented By: Course Code: PHR510 Section: 1 Submitted To: Ms. Tahmina Yasmin

Presented By
Course Code: PHR510 Puspak Das - 1611842049

Section: 1 Suha jabin leeana - 1612464049
Submitted to: Ms. Tahmina Yasmin Shaminta Taher - 1610345049
What is Prebiotics?
 Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary supplements which provide
“nutrition” for Probiotics.
 Prebiotics are food substances that promote the growth of certain

bacteria in the intestine.
 When probiotics and prebiotics are mixed together, they form a

SYNBIOTIC.
Ideal Characteristics of Prebiotics
 Able to supply nutrient to beneficial bacteria
 Able to scape digestion in the stomach and reach intestine
 Should able to promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria.

Prebiotics and Their Source
Prebiotics Sourses
Inulin Natural foods including chicory, onion,
garlic, Jerusalem artichokes, tomatoes, and bananas
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) Fruits and vegetables like asparagus, endive, sugar
beet, garlic, chicory, onion, Jerusalem artichokes,
bananas, tomatoes
Galactooligosaccharides Legumes, nuts, soy beans and soy products, peas,
rapeseed meal, lentils, Chickpeas/hummus, green peas,
lima beans, kidney beans
Fructans Oligosaccharides found in onions, bananas, wheat,
artichokes, garlic
Resistant starch granules Raw potatoes, bananas
Pectins Apple, sugar beet pulp
Isomaltooligosaccharides Produced commercially from the enzymatic action of
α-amylase, pullulanase, and α-glucosidase on
cornstarch
Uses of prebiotics
 Enhance bone density and increase calcium absorption.

 Improve immune function in both the gut and body.
 Establish a healthier balance of bacteria in the gut.
 Promote regular bowl movement.
 Suppress appetite.
 Reduce the risk of intestinal infection.
 Modulation of gastro intestinal peptides production, energy
metabolism and satiety.
Prebiotics effect in colon cancer
 Research has been conducted to explore the role of
prebiotics in colon cancer prevention.
 The gut micro biome contributes to initiate colon
cancer through initiation of inflammation.
 Prevention of colon cancer might occur through
intervention of synbiotics, which is the combination
of Probiotics and Prebiotics
Effect in Inflammatory Bowel Disease :
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract (GI).IBD occurs
due to an extreme immune response to endogenous microbes in genetically predisposed individuals. The
modulation of the gut microbiota can be achieved through several approaches, one of which is the use of
prebiotics. They work by following way:
prebiotics produce SCFAa (short chain fatty acid) especially butyrate in

intestine.
Decreased levels of SCFA in feces, particularly butyrate, which inhibits

the production of proinflammatory cytokines and increases the synthesis
of antimicrobial peptides and mucin.
They activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a known

antiinflammatory transcription factor in experimental IBD.
Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF), a prebiotic rich in glutamine and hemicellulose,
has been reported to have unique properties that offer prolonged remission in people
with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.
Treatment with GBF lowered the serum level of both IL-6 and IL-8, tumor necrosis
factor α, and C-reactive proteins (CRPs).
Current research for the treatment of IBD is oriented toward a combined therapy of
both prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotic combinations).
Common synbiotic combinations include Lactobacillus rhamnosus and inulin,

bifidobacteria and FOS, and lactobacilli with either inulin or FOS..
Picture: (A) Healthy individual and (B) individual with IBD.
Effect in Cardiovascular Disease:
Intake of plant-based prebiotics could reduce the occurrence of CVD. Prebiotics are utilized
by the intestinal microbial population to produce SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate), which
may lead to reduced incidences of CVDs and improvement of lipid profiles. they work by two
different ways:
(1) By enhancing cholesterol excretion via feces and
Prebiotics Reduce luminal pH level as results of production SCFAs .
which in turn alter intestinal bacterial population.
At low pH, the amount of soluble bile acids decreases and as a result,
lipid absorption decreases and
fecal bile acid secretion rises

(1) By producing SCFAs on selective fermentation by the gut
microbiota
The hypocholesterolemia effect of prebiotics has been essentially referred to SCFAs.
Butyrate is identified to revert liver cholesterol synthesis and generate a source of

energy for human colon epithelial cells and propionate may stop the synthesis of
fatty acids in the liver, whereby reducing the rates of triacylglycerol secretion.
Propionate is also inclusive in the regulation of hepatic cholesterol

synthesis and it decreases the degree of cholesterol synthesis which could result in
lowering of plasmacholesterol level.
Picture : removing cholesterol by feces
Effect in Type II Diabetes and Glycemic Control:
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood glucose.
probiotics targeting the mechanism of T2DM ( type 2 diabetes) to improve the health
status of individuals with T2DM
probiotics improves the glycemic status by reducing the blood glucose level, insulin
resistance.
The production of inflammatory markers and increasing fasting insulin level,

improvement of lipid profile by increasing HDL and decreasing TC, TG,
LDL, and improvement of hypertension by decreasing the systolic and
diastolic blood pressure in individuals with T2DM).
Effect of prebiotics in Type II Diabetes and Glycemic Control:
Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
• Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are organic acids
produced by the intestinal microbial fermentation of
prebiotics.
• The SCFAs (i.e., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) are

important regulators of colonic physiological processes and
are essential components for normal bowel function.
• These prebiotics also influence stool bulk as a result of

increased microbial biomass and thus play a crucial role in
maintaining normal bowel function.
The role of dietary fiber in the GI tract
Weight Management:
• One of the beneficial effects of prebiotics is
enhancement of feelings of satiety and the
concomitant reduction of energy.
• Adequate amounts of prebiotics in every meal

is as an effective method for managing
weight.
•There are satiety or fullness hormones made in the
wall of the small intestine.
•Prebiotics increase the release of these beneficial

hormones to give you an earlier sense of fullness
when you eat.
•A leaky gut is corrected and the passage of toxins

and other unwanted materials into the blood is
slowed down or stopped.
Immune Function:
• Stimulation of the immune system is possible by selectively promoting the
growth of probiotics.
• This can be achieved by the regular consumption of certain types of prebiotics

that support gut-associated modulation of microbiota and immune function.
• The use of prebiotics can increase the body’s resistance to intestinal and
extraintestinal pathogens through modulation of the immune system, resulting
in reduction in allergic diseases
Mechanism for the effect of prebiotics on
immunity:
Selective changes in bacterial composition and bacterial products which
modulate cytokine and antibody production
Production of SCFAs and their interactions with leukocytes
Modulated mucin production
Interaction with carbohydrate receptors of pathogens inhibiting their

enhancement to epithelial cells as well as receptors on immune cells.
References:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128144688000120
2. https://www.slideshare.net/Supta2013/supta-prebiotics-immunity
3.
https://food.ndtv.com/weight-loss/prebiotics-for-weight-loss-how-prebiotic-fibre-can-help-you-in-r
educing-body-fat-1997727
4. https://www.prebiotin.com/prebiotin-academy/diets/weight-management/
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470608/

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Course Code: PHR510 Puspak Das - 1611842049

 Prebiotics are food substances that promote the growth of certain

 When probiotics and prebiotics are mixed together, they form a

 Able to supply nutrient to beneficial bacteria

 Able to scape digestion in the stomach and reach intestine

 Should able to promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria.

 Enhance bone density and increase calcium absorption.

prebiotics produce SCFAa (short chain fatty acid) especially butyrate in

Decreased levels of SCFA in feces, particularly butyrate, which inhibits

They activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a known

Common synbiotic combinations include Lactobacillus rhamnosus and inulin,

Prebiotics Reduce luminal pH level as results of production SCFAs .

which in turn alter intestinal bacterial population.

fecal bile acid secretion rises

The hypocholesterolemia effect of prebiotics has been essentially referred to SCFAs.

Butyrate is identified to revert liver cholesterol synthesis and generate a source of

Propionate is also inclusive in the regulation of hepatic cholesterol

The production of inflammatory markers and increasing fasting insulin level,

• The SCFAs (i.e., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) are

• These prebiotics also influence stool bulk as a result of

• Adequate amounts of prebiotics in every meal

•Prebiotics increase the release of these beneficial

•A leaky gut is corrected and the passage of toxins

• This can be achieved by the regular consumption of certain types of prebiotics

Production of SCFAs and their interactions with leukocytes

Modulated mucin production

Interaction with carbohydrate receptors of pathogens inhibiting their

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