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Linear Algebra Report

The document discusses determinants, which are values that can be calculated from the entries in a square matrix and are used to investigate properties of the matrix and solve systems of linear equations. Determinants are defined for matrices of all orders, with examples and exercises provided for calculating determinants of 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 matrices. The document also explains how determinants can be used to solve systems of linear equations, both for equations in two unknowns and systems in multiple unknowns.

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Rhea Jane B. Catalan
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112 views20 pages

Linear Algebra Report

The document discusses determinants, which are values that can be calculated from the entries in a square matrix and are used to investigate properties of the matrix and solve systems of linear equations. Determinants are defined for matrices of all orders, with examples and exercises provided for calculating determinants of 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 matrices. The document also explains how determinants can be used to solve systems of linear equations, both for equations in two unknowns and systems in multiple unknowns.

Uploaded by

Rhea Jane B. Catalan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determinants

Determinant- is equal to the product of the


elements along the plus – labeled arrow
minus the product of the elements along the
minus-labeled arrow.
 The determinants can be obtained by forming
the product of the entries on the line from left
to right and subtracting from this number the
product of the entries on the line from right to
left.
Determinants function was first discovered during the
investigation of systems of linear equations. We shall
see that determinant is an indispensable tool in
investigating and obtaining properties of square
matrices.
The definition of determinant and most of its
properties also apply in the case where the entries of a
matrix come from a commutative ring.

Determinants of order 1 and 2


a11 a12
/a11/ = a11 and a21 a22
 
Thus the determinants of a 1x1 matrix
A = [a11] is the scalar itself, that is
det( A) = / a11/ = a11. The determinant of order
two may easily be remembered by using the
following diagram:

a11 a12
a21 a22
 
Examples:
1. Since the determinant of order one is the
scalar itself, we have:
Det(27) = 27, det (-7) = -7 det( t-3) = t-3

5 3
2. 4 6 = 5(6) - 3(4) = 30 – 12 = 18

3 2
3. -5 7 = 21 - ( -10) = 31
 
Exercises:
Evaluate the determinant of each of the
following matrices:
1. -12 8 2. -15 -6
-7 -10 -9 7

3. -8 -10
-15 2
Determinants of Order 3
 
Consider an arbitrary 3 x 3 Matrix A = [a 1]. The
determinants of A is defined as follows:
 
a11 a12 a13
det(A) = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
 
= [a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a13 a21 a32] - [ a 13 a22 a31 +
a11 a23 a 32 + a12 a21 a33 ]
 
Examples:
• Evaluate the determinant of each of the
following matrices:
1. 2 3 4 2. 1 -2 3
-1 5 3 -2 4 5
0 4 -1 -1 1 2
Exercises:
Evaluate the determinant of each of the
following matrices:
1. -12 8 -1 2. -15 -6 -2
-7 -10 0 -9 7 -1
-3 -1 4 4 2 -3

3. 9 -3 7 4. -5 -6 -4
-2 5 4 -2 9 1
-1 6 -3 4 3 -1
Application to Linear
Equations
  Consider two linear equations
in two unknowns, say
a1 x + b 1 y = c 1
a2 x + b 2 y = c 2
c1 b1
X = Nx = b2c1 - b1c2 = C2 b2
D a 1b 2 - a 2 b 1 a1 b1
a2 b2

a1 c1
y = Ny = a1 c2 - a2c1 = a2 c2
D a1 b2 - a 2 b 1 a1 b1
a2 b2
Here D appears in the denominator of
both quotients. The numerators Nx and Ny of
the quotients for x and y, respectively, can be
obtained by substituting the column of
constant terms in place of the column of the
coefficients of the given unknown in the
matrix of coefficients. On the other hand, if D
= 0, then the system may be no solution or
more than one solution.
Examples: Solve the following systems by determinants
1. x + y = 4
x - y = 2
2. a = b - 3
4a + 2b = 24
3. m= 5n
m–n=4

 
Exercises:
Solve the following systems by determinants.

1.5x + 2y = 2 3. 2x - 3y = -1
7x + 5y = -6 4x + 7y = 1

2. 4x - 3y = 15 4. 3x - y = 3
2x + 5y = 1 x + y=1
5. 2x + y = 1
-3x + 2y = 0

6. 4x - 3y = 11
6x + 5y = 7
• Determinants and System of Linear
Equations

• First arrange the equation in


standard form, then compute the
determinant D of the matrix of
coefficients.
a1 x + b1y + c1 z = k1
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = k2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = k3

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
D = a3 b3 c3
k1 b1 c1
k2 b2 c2
x = k3 b3 c3
D a1 b1 k1
a1 k1 c1 a2 b2 k2
a2 k2 c2 z = a3 b3 k3
y = a3 k3 c3 D
D
Examples:
1. 2x + 3y + z = 4
x - y -3z = -6
x + y + 2z = 7

2.x + y + z - 1 = 0
x - y - z = 1
2x + 3y = 8
Exercises: Solve the following systems by
determinants.
1.a + 2b - c = 2 3. 3x + 2y + 3z = 4
a + b +c = 6 x - y + 2z = -3
2a + 3b - 2c = 2 4x - y - z = 3

2.x + y + z = 5 4. 2x + y - z = 2
x -2y -3z = -1 3x - 4y + 2z = 4
2x + y - z = 3 4x + 3y -5z = -8
5. 2x +3y + z = 13
x + y + 2Z = 12
3x + y + 2Z = 10

6. 2x + 3y - Z = 9
3x - y + 2Z = 11
x + 2y + 3Z = 20

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