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Programming Languages: Lecture 1 - Introduction of

Programming languages provide rules for communicating algorithms to computers. They have evolved over time as better designs have been developed. There are many programming languages because they are designed for different types of programs and levels of abstraction from the machine. Important criteria for good language design include writability, readability, orthogonality, reliability, and maintainability.

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54 views22 pages

Programming Languages: Lecture 1 - Introduction of

Programming languages provide rules for communicating algorithms to computers. They have evolved over time as better designs have been developed. There are many programming languages because they are designed for different types of programs and levels of abstraction from the machine. Important criteria for good language design include writability, readability, orthogonality, reliability, and maintainability.

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matusala abha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGES
LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
 is a set of rules that provides a way of telling a
What is computer what operations to perform
Programming  is a set of rules for communicating an
Languages ? algorithm
 it provides a linguistic framework for
describing computations
 is a notational system for describing
computation in a machine-readable and
human-readable form.
 is a tool for developing executable models for
a class of problem domains
 the a natural language is English
What is  it has words, symbols and grammatical rules.
Programming  also has words, symbols and rules of
Languages ? grammar.
 the grammatical rules are called syntax.
 each programming language has a different
set of syntax rules.
 is a notation designed to connect instructions
to a machine or computer
 mainly used to control the performance of a
machine or to express algorithm
• Programming languages have evolved over
time as better ways have been developed to Why are there so
design them. many Programming
Languages?
 First programming languages were
developed in the 1950s
 Since then thousands of languages have
been developed
High Level PL
• Different programming languages are designed
for different types of programs.
• Programming Languages Levels Low Level PL

Executable
Machine Code
Types of Programming Languages

Machine Languages
First Generation Languages
 Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
 Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
 Machine language is machine dependent as it is the
only language the computer can understand
 Very efficient code but very difficult to write.
Types of Programming Languages

Assembly Languages
First Generation Languages • Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation
• Codes
Second Generation Languages • Assembly language programs needed to be
“assembled” for execution by the computer. Each
assembly language instruction is translated into one
machine language
• instruction.
• Very efficient code and easier to write.
Types of Programming Languages

 Closer to English but included simple mathematical


First Generation Languages
notation.
 Programs written in source code which must
Second Generation Languages be translated into machine language programs
called object code.
Third Generation Languages  The translation of source code to object code
is accomplished by a machine language
system program called a compiler.
Types of Programming Languages

 Alternative to compilation is interpretation which is


First Generation Languages
accomplished by a system program called an
interpreter.
Second Generation Languages  Common third generation languages
 FORTRAN
Third Generation Languages  COBOL
 C and C++
 Visual Basic
Types of Programming Languages

 A high level language that requires fewer


First Generation Languages instructions to accomplish a task than a third
generation language.
Second Generation Languages
 Used with databases
Third Generation Languages
 Query languages
 Report generators
 Forms designers
Fourth Generation Languages
 Application generators
Types of Programming Languages

 Declarative languages
First Generation Languages
 Functional(?): Lisp, Scheme, SML
Second Generation Languages  Also called applicative
 This type of PL is a function
Third Generation Languages
 Logic: Prolog
 Based on mathematical Logic
Fourth Generation Languages
 Rule – base or Constraint – base

Fifth Generation Languages


• Traditional programming Two broad Groups of
Languages Programming
 Sequential of instruction Languages
 First , second and some third generation
programming languages

• Object
– Oriented Programming
Languages
 Object are created rather then sequences
of instructions
 Some of third , fourth , and fifth
programming languages
Criteria in a 1 Writability
good language
design
The quality of a language that
enables a programmer to use it
to express a computation
clearly, correctly, concisely, and
quickly.
Criteria in a 1 Writability
good language
design 2 Readability

The quality of a language that


enables a programmer to
understand and comprehend the
nature of a computation easily and
accurately.
Criteria in a
The quality of a
1 Writability
good language language that
design features 2 Readability
provided have as
few restrictions 3 Orthogonality
as possible and
be combinable in
any meaningful
way.
Criteria in a 1 Writability
good language The quality of a
design language that
assures a
2 Readability
program will not
behave in
3 Orthogonality
unexpected or
disastrous ways 4 Reliability
during execution..
Criteria in a 1 Writability
good language The quality of a
design language that
eases errors can
2 Readability
be found and
corrected and
3 Orthogonality
new features
added. 4 Reliability

5 Maintainability
Criteria in a 6 Generality
good language
design
The quality of a language that avoids
special cases in the availability or use
of constructs and by combining closely
related constructs into a single more
general one.
Criteria in a 6 Generality
good language
design 7 Uniformity

The quality of a language that


similar features should look
similar and behave similar.
Criteria in a 6 Generality
good language
design
The quality of a
language that
7 Uniformity
provides some
general
8 Extensibility
mechanism for
the user to add
new constructs to
a language.
Criteria in a
The quality of a
6 Generality
good language language that
design allows programs 7 Uniformity
written to be
transported from 8 Extensibility
one computer to
another without 9 Standardability
significant change
in language
structure.
Criteria in a
The quality of a
6 Generality
good language language that
design provides a 7 Uniformity
translator or
interpreter can be 8 Extensibility
written. This can
address to 9 Standardability
complexity of the
language
definition.
10 Implementability

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