Binary Transmission

BIT
• Is a contraction of the term “binary digit”
• A unit of information represented by either a ‘1’ or ‘0’

BIT RATE / DATA RATE

• The number of 0’s and 1’s that pass on a communication
channel each second
• Transmission rate in bits per second

BIT ERROR RATE

• A measure of data connectivity’s performance
• Often the unit of measurement is bit error rate (BER), which
is probability of error
• A BER of 1 in 105 means that there is a probability of one
error will occur for every 100,000 bits
 Binary Information Codes
 Types of Characters
 Data Link Control Characters
-used to facilitate the orderly flow of data from a
source to a destination

 Graphic Control Characters

-involve the syntax or presentation of the data at
the received terminal

 Alphanumeric Characters
-used to represent the various symbols used for
letters, numbers, and punctuation in the English
language
 Binary Information Codes
Data Communication Codes
-character sets or character languages
 Binary Information Codes
 MORSE CODE
 the first data communication code with three
unequal length symbols.
Table of Morse Code
 Binary Information Codes
 BAUDOT CODE
 the first fixed-length character code. It is a 5 bit
character code, with a start bit and a 1.5 stop bits

Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot
 Binary Information Codes
 AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR
INFORMATION INTERCHANGE
(ASCII)

 it uses 7 bits of
information, an 8th bit
for use as parity, a start
bit and two stop bits
 Binary Information Codes
 EXTENDED BINARY CODE DECIMAL
INTERCHANGE CODE (EBCDIC)
 the true 8 level code
 Binary Information Codes
 CCITT ALPHABET NO. 5 CODE
 a 7 bit character set which has 27 or 128 codes
 also with a parity bit

 CCITT ALPHABET NO. 2 CODE

 character length similar to Baudot code but
without start and stop bits
 Binary Information Codes
 HOLLERITH CODE
 consist of 12 bits information with the 12th bit for
parity.

Herman Hollerith
 Binary Transmission Conventions
• PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
 bits are transmitted character at a time i.e. eight
bits are transmitted simultaneously over eight
wires.
 an additional wire called strobe or clock lead
notifies the receiver unit that all the bits are
present on their respective wires so that the
voltages on the wires can be sampled.
 Binary Transmission Conventions
• SERIAL TRANSMISSION
 bits are transmitted over a single line one bit at a
time
 used when the cost of the communication medium
is high
PARALLEL AND SERIAL TRANSMISSION
 Synchronization on Digital Signals
• ASYNCHRONOUS
 transmission in which time intervals between
transmitted characters may be of unequal length
 transmission is controlled by start and stop bits at
the beginning and end of each character
 Synchronization on Digital Signals
• SYNCHRONOUS
 transmission in which data are sent at a fixed rate,
with the receiver and transmitter synchronized
 synchronized transmission eliminates the need for
start and stop bits
 Synchronization on Digital Signals
• ISOCHRONOUS
 a combination of asynchronous and synchronous
transmission
 the data are clocked by a common timing base,
and bytes are also framed with start and stop bits
 Digital Transmission Modes
• SIMPLEX
 data transmission is unidirectional
 information can be sent only in one direction
 simplex lines are also called receive-only,
transmit-only, or one-way only lines
 Digital Transmission Modes
• HALF DUPLEX (HDX)
 data transmission is possible in both directions but
not at the same time
 HDX lines are also called two-way alternate or
either way lines
 Digital Transmission Modes
• FULL-DUPLEX (FDX)
 data transmission is possible in both directions at
the same time but they must be between the same
two stations
 FDX lines are also called two-way simultaneous,
duplex, or both-way lines
 Digital Transmission Modes
• FULL/FULL DUPLEX (F/FDX)
 data transmission is in both directions at the same
time but not the same two stations
 F/FDX is possible only on multipoint circuits
 Types of Data Circuits
• TWO-WIRE CIRCUIT
 it involves a transmission medium that either uses
two wires (a signal and a reference lead or a
configuration that is equivalent to having only two
wires
 simplex, HDX, or FDX transmission is possible
 Types of Data Circuits
• FOUR-WIRE CIRCUIT
 it involves a transmission medium that uses four
wires (two are used as signals that are propagating
in opposite direction and two are used for
reference leads) or a configuration that is
equivalent to having four wires
 Types of Data Circuits
• SWITCHED CIRCUIT
 in telephone network, a call is automatically
switched through its destination after dialing has
been completed.
 Types of Data Circuits
• LEASED CIRCUIT
 a permanent circuit used for private use within a
communication network with the line directly
between two locations or routed through a central
office
 Voice Channel Transmission Impairments
AMPLITUDE DISTORTION
 distortion caused by the variation of transmission
loss with frequency
 Voice Channel Transmission Impairments
PHASE DISTORTION
 is the resultant of different velocities of
propagation at different frequencies across the
voice channel.
 Voice Channel Transmission Impairments
NOISE
 it is a spurious or extraneous signal that interferes
with the wanted signal.
 Voice Channel Transmission Impairments
CROSSTALK
 it is defined as the undesired energy appearing
in one signal path as a result of coupling from
another signal path
 Voice Channel Transmission Impairments
ECHO
 it is the return of talker’s voice or other end-user
signal

SINGING
 it is the result of sustained oscillations due to
positive feedback in amplifying circuits
Digital Modulation Techniques
 Digital Modulation Techniques
1. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
-two (2) power levels (high and low) are to
represent 1 or 0 based on amplitude (1-high; 0-low)
 Digital Modulation Techniques
2. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)
-binary states are represented by two different
frequencies
-a simple, low performance digital modulation
 Digital Modulation Techniques
3. PHASE SHIFT KEYING
-there is a phase reversal of 180̊ to indicate
change in state from 0 to 1 or vice versa
 Digital Modulation Techniques
3.a BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(BPSK)
-two output phases are possible for a single
carrier frequency (1 & 0)
-as the input signal changes state, the phase of the
output carrier shifts between 2 angles that are 180̊
 Digital Modulation Techniques
3.b QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT
KEYING (QPSK)
- four (4) possible pair of bits are represented by
4 different phases of the carrier
 Digital Modulation Techniques
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM)
-digital information is contained in both the
amplitude and phase of the transmitted carrier.
 Error Detection and Correction Techniques
• ERROR DETECTION
The process of monitoring the received data and
determining when a transmission error has occurred.
 Error Detection
1. REDUNDANCY
-involves transmitting each character twice. If the
same character is not received 2x in succession, an
error has occurred
-retransmission of the entire message is very
inefficient, because second transmission of a
message is 100% redundant
 Error Detection
2. PARITY-CHECK (50% detection)
-the simplest error detection scheme
-used for data communications systems and with
both vertical and horizontal redundancy checking
-with parity, a single bit is added to each
character to force a total number of 1’s in the
character, including the parity bit, to be either an
odd (odd parity) or even number (even parity)
 Error Detection
• EVEN PARITY
Bias bit = logic “0”
> a “1” indicates an error, “0” means no error
 Error Detection
• ODD PARITY
Bias bit = logic “1”
> a “1” indicates no error, “0” means there is no
error
 Error Detection
• VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL
REDUNDANCY CHECK (95-98%
detection)
-a parity bit is added to each character to force
the total number of 1’s in the character including the
parity bit, to be either an odd number (odd parity) or
an even number (even parity)
 Error Detection
2.a VERTICAL REDUNDANCY
CHECKING (VRC)
-an error detection scheme that uses parity to
determine if a transmission error has occurred within
a character
-VRC is XORing of the bits within a single
character

CHARACTER PARITY
-each character has a parity added to it prior to
transmission
 Error Detection
2.b HORIZONTAL / LONGITUDINAL
REDUNDANCY CHECKING
(HRC OR LRC)
– an error-detection scheme that uses parity to
determine if an error has occurred in a message
(message parity)
– with LRC, each bit position has a parity bit
– LRC is the result of XORing the characters that
make up a message and only even parity is used.
The bit sequence of an LRC is often called Block
Check Sequence (BCS)
– VRC bit for each character is computed in the
vertical direction, LRC bit is computed in
horizontal direction
 Error Detection
3. EXACT COUNT ENCODING
- the number of 1’s in each character is the same
4. ECHOBACK / ECHOPLEX
- a character is sent back to the operator for the
operator to check errors
- mode of transmission that achieves less than full-
duplex but more than half-duplex
- achieved by having the answer DTE retransmit
(echo) the received message back to the originating
DTE for decoding and display
 Error Detection
5. CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK
(CRC)
- most reliable scheme for error detection; 99.95
% of errors are detected
- it is generally used with 8 bit codes such as
EBCDIC or 7 bit codes without parity
- the CRC character is the remainder of a division
process using an XOR operation. If no
transmission occurred, the remainder will be zero.
- the number of bits in CRC code is equal to the
highest exponent o the generating polynomial.
The exponent identifies the bit positions that
contain a 1.
 Error Correction
1. SYMBOL SUBSTITUTION
-designed to be used in a human environment
at the receiver
-a reverse question mark is substituted for
“bad character”
2. RETRANSMISSION / AUTOMATIC
REQUEST FOR RETRANSMISSION
(ARQ)
-resending a message when it is received in
error. The received terminal automatically calls
for retransmission of the entire message
-optimal ARQ message blocks = 256 to 512
characters
 Error Correction
3. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
- the only error correction scheme that actually
detects and corrects transmission errors at the
receive end without calling for retransmission of the
entire message
- bits are added to the message prior to
transmission
 Error Correction
R. W. HAMMING CODE
• The most popular correcting code
• Developed by R. W. Hamming at Bell Labs
• The number of bits in a Hamming code is dependent
on the number of bits in the data character,

2n ≥ m + n +1

Where:m = no. of bits in the data

character
n = no. of Hamming bits
 Levels of Synchronization
1. BIT OR CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION
- identifies the start / beginning and stop / end of
each bit transmitted
- it ensures that the transmitter and receiver agree
on a precise time slot for the occurrence of the bit
- it allows the receive DTE to know when to
sample the incoming bit stream
- Fast or slow bit sampling rate result to errors
 Levels of Synchronization
2. CHARACTER SYNCHRONIZATION
- identifies start and stop of each individual
character transmitted
3. BLOCK OR MESSAGE
SYNCHRONIZATION
- addresses the start and stop of large amounts of
data
4. MODEM OR CARRIER
SYNCHRONIZATION
- performed between modems so that the received
signals may be properly demodulated
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 232C (V.24 – CCITT Equivalent)
• It is an interface between the DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment) and DCE (Data Communications
Equipment) employing serial binary data interchange
• It is a first level protocol standard as well as an
electrical standard specifying handshaking and
functions between the DTE and DCE
• Transmission rate is 20 kbps for a distance not more
than 50 ft.; load impedance at terminator side is
between 3000 to 7000 ohms
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 422A
• It defines electrical characteristics of balanced-
voltage digital interface circuits.
• It is a differential balanced voltage interface standard
capable of significantly higher data rates over long
distances.
• It can accommodate 100 kbps over a distance of 4000
ft (1200 m) or rates up to 10 Mbps over a maximum
distance of 40 ft (12 m)
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 423A
• It defines electrical characteristics of unbalanced-
voltage digital interface circuits
• Single-ended, bipolar and unterminated voltage
circuit like RS 232C
• It extends the distance and data rate capabilities to
distances up to 4000 ft (1200 m) at a data rate of 3
kbps or at higher data rates of up to 300 kbps over a
maximum distance of 40 ft (12 m)
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 357
• It defines interface between Facsimile Terminal
Equipment and VF Data Terminal Equipment

RS 366 A (V.25 – CCITT Equivalent)

• It defines interface between DTE and Automatic
Calling Equipment for Data Communications
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 408
• It recommends the standardization of the two
interfaces between the numerical control equipment
(such as tape reader) and the serial-to-parallel
converter with less than 40 ft (12 m) distance.
 EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing
RS 449 (V.35 – CCITT Equivalent)
• It is general-purpose 37-position and 9-position
interface for DTE and DCE employing serial binary
data interchange.
• It offers greater immunity to noise and increase the
data signaling rate to 2 Mbps and permits an increase
up to 200 m in the length of the interconnecting
cable.
 CCITT X-Series for Digital Interfacing
X.21
• Interface between DTE and Data Terminating
Equipment for Synchronous operation on Public Data
Networks

X.24
• List of Definitions for Interchange Circuits between
Data Terminal equipment and Data Terminating
Equipment on Public Data Networks
 CCITT X-Series for Digital Interfacing
X.25
• Interface between DTE and DCE for Terminals
Operating in the Packet Mode on Public data
Networks.
• It is a standard protocol for interfacing a terminal to
packet network.
• Defines the architecture of three levels of protocols
existing in the serial interface cable between a packet
mode terminal and give away to a packet network.
 Digital Interfacing
Centronics Parallel Interface
• Designed by Centronics Computer data Corporation
for use with their line of printers
• 36 pins

IEEE 488 Bus

• General Purpose Interface Bus
• Hewlett Packard Interface Bus
• Used in connecting printers to mini and micro-
computer systems
• Interface for the remote control of and data
acquisition from test instruments (24 pins)