NATURE OF RESEARCH

Meaning of Research
Process of executing various mental
acts
Requires you to investigate
Research is analogous to inquiry
Research involves cooperative learning
Research puts you in a context where a
problem exists.
Characteristics of Research
Accuracy
Objectiveness
Timeliness
Relevance
Clarity
1. Accuracy
It must give correct or accurate
data, which the footnotes, notes,
and bibliographical entries should
honestly and appropriately
documented or acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness

It must deal with facts, not

with mere opinions.
3. Timeliness
It must work on a topic that is
fresh, new, and interesting to the
present society.
4. Relevance
Its topic must be instrumental
in improving society or in
solving problems affecting the
lives of people in a community.
5. Clarity

It must succeed in expressing its

central point or discoveries by
using simple, direct, concise, and
correct language.
6. Systematic

It must take place in an

organized or orderly
manner.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
To learn how to work independently
To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
To have an in-depth knowledge of something
To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in
HOTS
To improve your reading and writing skills
To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the
various techniques of gathering data and presenting
research findings
To free yourself from spoon-feeding
Types of Research
1. Based on Application of Research Method
a. Pure Research
b. Applied Research
2. Based on the Purpose of Research
a. descriptive
b. correlational
c. explanatory
d. exploratory
e. action
Types of Research
3. Based on Types of Data Needed
a. Qualitative
b. Quantitative
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Based on Application of Research Method

a. Pure Research – This type of research aims

to increase your knowledge about
something.
b. Applied Research – This type of research
has the intention to address societal
problems and issues or issues, finding ways
to make positive changes in society.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
2. Based on the Purpose of Research
a. Descriptive - This types of research aims
at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or
picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation, etc.
b. Correlational – It shows relationships or
connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or
agents called variables that affect the research.
 c. Explanatory – This type od research
elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind
the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by
which such relationship exists.

d. Exploratory – Its purpose is to find out how

reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas
on topics that could trigger your interest in
conducting research studies.
 e. Action Research – This type of
research studies an ongoing practice of a
school, organization, community, or
institution for the purpose of obtaining
results that will bring improvements in
the system.
Approaches to Research
Scientific Approach or Positive
Approach
Naturalistic Approach
Triangulation Approach
Pure or Applied?
How to improve agricultural crop production?
How did the universe begin?
Should vaccinations be avoided to prevent autism?
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons
composed of?
What can be done to increase the amount of
graduating high school students choosing to attend
college? 
Applied research is one type of research that is
used to answer a specific question that has direct
applications to the world. This is the type of
research that solves a problem.

Pure/Basic research is another type of

research, and it is driven purely by curiosity and
a desire to expand our knowledge. It enhances
our understanding of the world around us. So,
the real difference between the two types of
research is what they will be used for.
Descriptive research
papers can be very direct and broad. You
need to explain the topic in detail and give
relevant examples. 
Examples:
 Discuss the life and events of a famous author that
inspires you.
 Describe an event that gives the feelings of terror.
 Who is your favorite fictional character in English
literature? Discuss how and why this character is
important.
 What is your definition of an ideal house?
Correlational Research
 A correlation is simply defined as a relationship
between two variables. The whole purpose of using
correlations in research is to figure out which variables
are connected. 

Example:
Are big kids really fast runners?
(The relationship between kids’ height and their speed?)
Explanatory Research
It is conducted in order to identify the extent and
nature of cause-and-effect relationships. Experiments
are the most popular primary data collection methods
in studies with causal research design.
Example:

Does motivation affect learning?

Do recycling and using green products make a

difference?
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research (or ER) is an examination into a
subject in an attempt to gain further insight. With ER,
a researcher starts with a general idea and uses
research as a tool to identify issues that could be the
focus of future research.
Examples:

Having Equal Genders In Families Makes Them Stronger

All Children Should Have Responsibility
How do frogs sleep?
Action Research
Action research is either research initiated to solve an
immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive
problem solving led by individuals working with others
in teams or as part of a "community of practice" to
improve the way they address issues and solve problems.
Examples:
o Collaborative Team Teaching: Does it Effect the way a
Child Learns?
o The Effects of Technology Use in Literacy Instruction
o Reading Improvement Through Homework Help
Quantitative vs Qualitative
Your zero or poor knowledge of research
means you are not in a quality school
To have a rich understanding of every
aspect of your research means to approach it
in a naturalistic way.
You can quantify people’s worldviews.
Research is exactly the same as inquiry.
You behave like a scientist in research.
When planning a research project, a good
starting point is to think about your own
position regarding how you see the world.
What do you think can be studied?
Is there a real objective world out there that
we can examine as researchers?
Can we only examine constructions of
something that might be real, true and
objective.
“Knowledge is
power.”
Qualitative Research
What is qualitative research and how can we define
it?
In the handbook of qualitative research Denzin
and Lincoln (2005) describe qualitative research as
interpretive naturalistic approach to the
world.
This means that qualitative researchers study
things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of
the meanings people bring to other
Qualitative research is a type of research
that will satisfy your curiosity.

In your day-to-day life, you get to

immerse yourself in different activities
such as meeting people, doing business,
appreciating things, visiting places, etc.
All these activities will make you
experience the positive and negative sides
of life.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Case Study
 This involves a long-time study of a
person, group, organization, or situation.
 It seeks to find answers to why such thing
occurs to the subject.
 Varieties of data collection methods such
as interviews, questionnaires,
observations, and documentary analysis
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Ethnography
- From the Greek ethnos "folk, people,
nation" and grapho "I write"
- It is a study of a particular cultural
group to get a clearer understanding of its
organizational set-up, internal operation
and lifestyle.
A study of homeless people in the local
area
Career choices of people with higher
IQs
Parenting practices in the Philippines
Children of wealthy parents in the
education system
How recovering alcoholics resist or give
into temptation
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Phenomenology
-Phenomenology is the study of
structures of consciousness as
experienced from the first-person point
of view.
 It refers to the study of how people find
their experiences meaningful
 Study of unusual people or events
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Content and Discourse

Analysis
- It requires an analysis or examination of
the substance or content of the mode of
communictaion (letters, books, journals,
photos, video recordings, emails, etc)
used by a person in communicating.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Historical Analysis
- It is the examination of primary
documents make you understand
the connection of past events and
present time.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Grounded Theory
-Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic methodology
in the social sciences involving the construction of
theory through the analysis of data.
- Thus, grounded theory is quite different from the
traditional model of research, where the researcher
chooses an existing theoretical framework, and
only then collects data to show how the theory does
or does not apply to the phenomenon under study.
Name the type of qualitative research
best suited for the following topics
1. The Mangyan’s Burial Practices
2. Relatives of Typhoon Victims
3. The Effectiveness of Inquiry-based learning.
4. Spiderman: The Very First Film in the 21st Century
5. Philippines’ Political Party System: Then and Now
6. Filipino Caregivers in Japan
7. Travails of Senior Citizens at the LRT/MRT Stations
8. The Lone Grade VI Speed Reader of UST Highschool
Grade 11 Science Textbook
Student Activism Since the Marcos Era
What is qualitative research?
Differentiate subjectivity from
objectivity?
How is grounded theory different
from other qualitative research
methods?
If you will do a qualitative research
about the area in which your house
is situated, what could be your
research problem or topic?
Transforming Learned Competencies
Ponder on things in your surrondings – the
construction of your house, your computer,
cell phones. The composition of your family,
TV programs, social networking, tablets,
destructive plastic bags, religious groups, your
school and classmates, fast food restaurants,
etc.
Mulling over these things, think of one goof
topic you can research on qualitatively.
GROUP WORK:
Form a group of three members. In a ½
crosswise, draw three columns where
you can list down topics of your own
for a qualitative research. The first
column is for the topic, second, for the
purpose, and third, for the type of
qualitative research to be used.
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH IN
DIFFERENT AREAS
OF KNOWLEDGE
After this lesson, you should be able to:
Express your worldviews using newly
learned words;
Explain how qualitative studies take place
in other areas of knowledge;
Differentiate hard sciences from soft
sciences concerning research studies; and
Specify the data collecting technique for a
certain area of knowledge.
What course would you like to take
after finishing high school?
Are you interested in becoming a
businessman, an engineer, a nurse, a
lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, or other
professions?
How do you think is research done in
these areas of discipline.

(Read “Research in different areas of knowledge”)

PAIR WORK: With your partner,
think of the correct expression to
complete each sentence.
1. Numerical data are true for the
____________ approach.
2. For the naturalistic approach,
___________ is the unit of analysis.
3. The focus of social research is
__________ for the common good,
4. _________ is the focus of a humanistic
research.
5. Quantitative is to scientific approach;
________ to naturalistic approach.
6. A researcher in Humanities studies his
subject with the use of his _______________.
7. Playgrounds, classrooms, workplaces
make up the _____________ to yield
qualitative data.
8. Laboratory experiments give way to a
_______________ way of collecting data.
9. Hard sciences present findings
in ___________ forms.
10. ________________ is to hard
sciences; subjectivity is to soft
sciences.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Numerical data are true for the

positive or scientific approach.
For the naturalistic approach,
numbers is the unit of analysis.
The focus of social research is
to investigate animal behavior
for the common good.
The study of meaning and
significance of human experiences
is the focus of humanistic approach.
Quantitative is to scientific
approach; qualitative is to
naturalistic approach.
A researcher in Humanities studies
his subject with the use of his guess
to yield qualitative data.
Laboratory experiments give way to
a spiritual way of collecting data.
Hard sciences present research
findings in numerical or
measurable forms.
Subjectivity is to hard sciences,
subjectivity is to soft sciences.
Technology and Engineering are
hard sciences.