DESIGN OF RCC SILO

Presented by –
Payal Ghosh-1541011020
Ashutosh Kumar Bal-1541011035
Ashwany Samrat -1541011248
Shilpashree Panigrahy-1651011018

Guided by –DR J.P Behera

 Introduction
• Silo is a strucure for storing bulk materials
• Silo are commonly used for bulk storage of
granular or powdery material.
• Silo is circular or polygon in plan whereas
Bunker is whose cross section in plan would
be square or rectangular.
• A silo is a tall structure in which the plane of
rupture of material stored meets the opposite
face of the structure before meeting the
surface of the stored material.
• OBJECTIVE – To analyse and design a silo for storage of bulk
materials.
• DIMENSIONS-
diameter of silo (D) = 4.5 metres
Height of silo (h) = 20 metres
weight (cement)(w) = 8500 N/m^3

The entire weight of the material stored will not act on the floor of
the structure. A considerable part of the load is resisted by the
friction between the material stored in the side walls of the silos.
This result in a reduction of the lateral pressure on horizontal base
or funnel size base.
The part of the total load transferred to the side walls by the
friction and the lateral pressure intensity are determined by
jansen’s and Airy’s theories as well as procedure established in BIS
4995 Part I & 2
 Design requirement
• Materials
Cement – used for reinforced concrete silos is
ordinary or rapid hardening portland cement or blast
furnace slag cement.
Steel- mild steel,medium tensile steel bars,hard
drawn steel wires or cold twisted bars controlled
Concrete mix- controlled concrete of grade not lesser
than M-25 for moderated exposure as specified in IS-
456
Components of silos
 DESIGN LOADS AND STRESS
• Loads are as dead loads, live loads,bin loads, wind
loads
• effect due to temperature variation
• effect due to shrinkage of concrete.
• Permissible stresses – The permissible tensile stress
due to bending apply to the outside face of the silo .
The permissible stresses in bending are also
applicable to side in contact with the stored
material .
 Design of silo walls
The Height and depth of the structure be h,b respectively
w = weight per cm^3 of the material
The structure can be taken as silo if
h > b tan{(90+ɸ)/2}
The volume of the material standing on this area = (a^.2h)m^3
Total pressure on each metre = wh^2/h.(1-sinɸ/1+sinɸ)
ɸ = angle of repose of material stored.
Friction of surrounding material = µ x N
= tan ɸ . 2 awh^2. 1-sin ɸ/1+sinɸ
we take , wt of the quantity = (w.h.a^2)N
Thickness of the silo walls
The minimum thickness shall be calculated from this
formula
tmin = ((nEs +σsa-mσt')/(100σsa σt')).(Ty )st
(Ty )st = Pht x D/2
Subject to a minimum thickness of 10cm.
The wall thickness for curved walls shall be not less
than larger of the following with a minimum
thickness of 10cm.
a. t=10+2.5(D-3)/3 or
b. t=10+2.5(h-6)/12
h and D are in m and t in cm.
 REFERENCE
1. Text Book- S .Ramamurtham
2.IS Code 4995 part 1 (Specifications)
3. IS Code 4995 part 2 (Design)
 A cylindrical silo of
internal diameter, = 4.5 metres
depth = 20 metres
weighing = 8500 N/m^2
angle of repose = 25˚
Coefficient of friction = 0.444
Ratio of horizontal to vertical pressure intensity=0.40
Lateral pressure intensities at interval of 2 metres
• Lateral pressure intensity at depth h is given
by-

The lateral pressure intensities at interval of 2

metres are as follows-
e = 0.4343, µ’ = 0.444 , n= 0.40
R = Area/Perimeter = r/2 = 1.125
• For h = 2 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.2706)/0.444
= 5830 N/m^2
• For h = 4 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.4681)/0.444
= 10080 N/m^2
• For h = 6 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.6121)/0.444
= 13180 N/m^2
• For h = 8 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.7171)/0.444
= 15450 N/m^2
• For h = 10 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.7937)/0.444
= 17100 N/m^2
• For h = 12 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.8495)/0.444
=18300 N/m^2
• For h = 14 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.8902)/0.444
= 19170 N/m^2
• For h = 16 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.9192)/0.444
= 19810 N/m^2
• For h = 18 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.9416)/0.444
= 20280 N/m^2
• For h = 20 metres
Pһ =(8500*1.125*0.9574)/0.444
= 20620 N/m^2
Fig. shows the lateral pressure on the silo wall
When h tends to infinity
Pһ = wR/µ’ = 8500*1.125/0.444N/m^2
= 21540N/m^2
and Pᵥ = Pһ/n = 21540/0.4 = 5385N/m^2
For h = 20 m , Pһ = 20620 N/m^2
and Pᵥ = 20620/0.4 = 51550 N/m^2
51550 N/m^2 is equivalent to depth of
51550/8500 metres of wheat = 6.07 metres
depth of wheat
• Hence even though there is 20 metres depth of wheat the
effective vertical load is only due to 6.07 metres of wheat.
• 20 metres depth of wheat corresponds to 8500*2 = 170000
N/metre^2
• But the actual load intensity at 20 metres depth is only 51550
Nm^2 which is only the (51550/170000)*100 = 30.3% of the
total weight of the wheat. This means the balance of 69.7% of
the total weight is transferred to the silo walls by friction.
• It is now easy to determine the steel area
required at various levels.
• The walls may be designed for hoop tension
caused by the lateral pressure.
• At any depth h metres if the lateral pressure
intensity is Pһ the hoop tension per metre height
= (PһD/2)N, where D is the diameter of the silo
 
 Homogenization
• In the case of homogenizing silo, the filling consist of wheat
which is circulated by compressed air for mixing purposes .
During homogenization of material the lateral and vertical
pressure depends upon the volume of the empty space
available in the upper position of silo.This may be kept about
40 percent of the total volume of the silo. The lateral and
vertical pressure shall be calculated using the following
expression and should not be less than pressure evaluated
Ph = Pᵥ = 0.6 WZ
Where W = weight of wheat
Z = different height of silos
 Rapid filling
• During rapid filling material filled at a rate higher than the minimum
filling speed up to a certain height Zn from the top layer , the upper
stored material. The following may be used for computing the governing
lateral pressures during rapid filling of a silo with a filling speed v:
Rapid filling (Ph)=0.8 W.Zn
Where
Zn = (v-vo)t;
v = actual filling speed, m/h;
vo = the minimum filling speed,m/h;and
t = time lapse of one hour.
Height(m) Lateral pressure Homogenizati Rapid filling Total
on pressure pressure(N/m^ pressure(N/
(N/m^2) 2) M^2)
2 5830 10200 35360 51390
4 10080 20400 35360 65840
6 13180 30600 35360 79140
8 15450 40800 35360 91610
10 17100 51000 35360 103460
12 18300 61200 35360 214760
14 19170 71400 35360 125930
16 19810 81600 35360 136770
18 20280 91800 35360 147440
20 20620 102000 35360 157980
Fig. shows the total pressure on the silo
wall
 Thickness of silo walls
• The walls thickness for curved walls shall be not less
than the larger of the following with the minimum
thickness of 10 cm.
• From IS Code 4995 Part 2
I) t= 10+2.5(D-3)/3
II) t = 10+2.5(h-6)/12
where D = 4.5m and h= 20 m
t= 10+2.5(4.5-3)/3 = 11.25 cm
t= 10+2.5(20-6)/12 = 12.91 cm
 Assume 25 cm to avoid hoop tension
According to IS code 3370 , Part - 4
The ratio H^2/Dt = 20^2/4.5*0.25
= 355
Which is very high value of hoop tension
Hence Bending moment does not predominate .
Design for Hoop Tension and provide minimum steel in
vertical direction.
We use M30 grade
Height (m) Thickness Pressure(p) Hoop Hoop Tensile
(mm) (N/m^2) tension per tensile force steel(mm^2
m height (T) per m )(T/150)
(p*D/2) (N) height (N)
2 250 51390 115627.5 0.46 771
4 250 65840 148140 0.59 988
6 250 79140 178065 0.71 1187
8 250 91610 206122.5 0.82 1374
10 250 103460 232785 0.93 1552
12 250 114760 258210 1.03 1721
14 250 125930 283342.5 1.13 1889
16 250 136770 307732.5 1.23 2052
18 250 147440 331740 1.33 2212
20 250 157980 355455 1.42 2370
 y-y1 = y2-y1(x-x1)/x2-x1
250-100 =450-100(x-0.3)/0.2-0.3
150 =350(x-0.3)/-0.1
350x =90
x = 90/350
= 0.257
x=0.26 %(approx)
Minimum steel = (0.26/100)*250*1000
= 650 mm^2
Hoop Two One diameter (Φ) Spacing mm
reinforced face(mm^2) face(mm^2) (mm) per c/c
From base to 2370 1185 16 165
8m height from
base
From 8m 1721 861 12 130
height from
base to 4m
from base
From 4m 988 494 10 155
height from
base till top
 Average pressure at base of circular wall.
= 107432 N/m^2
force taken by wall/m= 107432*0.25*1
= 26858 N/m or 26.9 KN/m
Self weight of wall/m= 0.25*1*20*25
= 125 KN/m or
Total load = 26.9+125=152 KN
Minimum reinforcement is provided
Minimum reinforcement for shaft type structure
is 0.25% .
Minimum reinforcement for two face
= 0.25% *250*1000 = 625 mm^2
For one face = 313 mm^2
for 10 mm diameter ,
no of bars = 313/78.54=4
spacing = 1000*78.5/313=250.9 mm c/c
So we will provide 10mm diameter @ 250mm c/c.