Signals and systems

Basic signals-discrete
Introduction-signals
Signal is a function which varies with respect to time.
Conveys some information.
Represented as a function of one or more independent
variable.
System –accepts input and produce output.
Input and output to the system-signals.
REAL TIME EXAMPLES
Speed changes on the application of accelerator.
Speech- by creating fluctuations in the acoustic
pressure.
Picture –represented by brightness as a function of
two spatial variables.
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
1D SIGNALS 2D SIGNALS
One independent Two independent
variable variable

One dependent
One dependent variable
variable
eg: brightness of
a picture
Eg: speech signal
 CLASSIFICATION
OF SIGNALS

CONTINUOUS DIGITAL

DISCRETE
CLASSIFICATION
CONTINUOUS DISCRETE
Eg:used
Takes
If in
only
dependent variable
Independent
demographic
also continuous-
Eg:used in
Takes
variable
If
integers. only
Independent
digital.
studies
demographic
also
discrete
dependent variable
continuous-
variable discrete
integers.
digital.
studies

P
P
o
o
Independent p
p
ul
ul
variable is at
at
continuous io
io
n
n
as
as
Signal is defined for
af
af
infinite values of
u
u
independent variable. n
n
ct
ct
Eg:atmospheric io
io
n
n
pressure as a of
of
function of altitude ye
ye
ar
ar
..
BASIC SIGNALS
UNIT IMPULSE
UNIT STEP
RAMP
EXPONENTIAL
SINUSOIDAL
SINC
SIGNUM
SQUARE
TRIANGLE
UNIT IMPULSE
Building block of other signals.
unit impulse function
2

1.5

1, n=0 1

Del[n]= 0.5

0,otherwise
x[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SIGNIFICANCE
Used to indicate sudden change in function

Theoretically speaking ,impulse function is not

afunction

Eg: if we press the switch , suddenly signal goes high

Other names-unit sample,dirac delta.

UNIT STEP
In engineering, one frequently encounter function
that can either on or off
1, n>=0
U[n]=
o, n<0

since it look like step, the name unit step is given

GRAPH:
unit step signal
2

1.5

0.5
u[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
RAMP:
It is an elementary unary real function.

It is computed as a mean of its independent

variable and its absolute value

R[n]= n, n>=0
0, n<0
Graph:
ramp signal
3

2.5

2
x[n]

1.5

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
n
Sinc:
Also known as cardinal sine

Contraction form of the function sinus cardinalis

Sinc[n]= (sin(pi*n))/pi

If lt n 0,(derivative of nr/derivative of dr )=1

This shows an approximate way to define the sinc at
n=0.
GRAPH:
sinc signal
2

1.5

0.5
x[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
EXPONENTIAL:
X[n]=c*a^n
Case 1: a>1  exponentially increase
case 2 : a<1 decaying exponential results

If c and a real real exponential

Radioactive decay, the response of RC circuits and
damped mechanical system- eg of decaying
exponential
Atomic explosion and complex chemical reaction-eg
for growing exponential
GRAPH:
exponential
35

30

25

20
u[n]

15

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
UNIT SQUARE:
It is a non sinusoidal wave.
Typically encountered in electronics and digital
signal processing
It is used to switch on or off the function.

X[n]= 1, 0<n<1
0,otherwise

Since the function is unit square,interval is between 0

and 1.
Graph:
square signal
2

1.5

0.5
x[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SIGNUM:
DEFINITION:

1, n>0
X[n]= -1, n<0
0, n=0

Signum is closely related to unit step function

GRAPH:
signum signal
2

1.5

0.5
signum[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n
TRIANGULAR WAVE:
It is also a non sinusoidal wave.

Waveform is similar to shape of the triangle.

Like a square wave, the triangle wave also contains

only odd harmonics.
1- mod(n) -1<n<1
x[n]=

o otherwise
GRAPH:
unit triangle signal
2

1.5

0.5
x[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SINUSOIDAL:
The term ‘sinusoidal’ is used to represent both
sine and cos

X[n]=Asin(wn+p) ; where A=amplitude

w=angular frequency
p= phase angle
application
This function is commonly used in fourier
transform and communication system.
GRAPH:
discrete time sine signal
2

1.5

0.5
-->sin[n]

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-->n
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

C.DEEPAK CHANDRAN
M.KASI
R.RANJITH
PL.SUBBU GANESH
C.SUJEETH KUMAR
R.S.VIGNESHWARAN
JANAKIRAMAN