Graphical Representation of data

Course : B.Sc DEGREE COURSE IN NURSING (BASIC)

Subject : Nursing Research and statistics

Unit /Title : Unit VII / Graphical representation of data

Faculty : Prof. A. Angel Rani

 Objectives
• To explain about graphical representation of
data
• To list the types of graph for grouped and
ungrouped data
• To explain in detail with examples for types of
graphs
• To discuss the merits of graphs
 Concept

One picture is better

than a thousand
words

da th we
? o
ta is t
p l do
ap ow
y
HW
repr e can
esen
in gr t data
a
histo phs,
gram

The human eye, or rather the human brain, is remarkably adapt at dealing with visual
information, in large quantities and complex formats.
 Concept contd..
• If information is represented in tabular form, it becomes
difficult to draw results.
• Graphical form makes it possible to easily draw visual
impressions of data.
• The graphic method of the representation of data enhances
our understanding.
• Also graphical forms makes the comparison easy.
 Graphical Representation
• Graphical Representation is a way of analyzing
numerical data. It exhibits the relation between
data, ideas, information and concepts in a
diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of
the most important learning strategies.
• A graph is a sort of chart through which
statistical data are represented in the form of
lines or curves drawn across the coordinated
points plotted on its surface
General Principles of Graphic Representation

• Algebraic principles which apply to all types of graphic

representation of data.

• In a graph there are two lines called coordinate axes.

• One is vertical known as Y axis and the other is horizontal called
X axis.
• These two lines are perpendicular to each other.
• Where these two lines intersect each other is called ‘0’ or the
Origin.
• On the X axis the distances right to the origin have positive value
and distances left to the origin have negative value.
• On the Y axis distances above the origin have a positive value and
below the origin have a negative value.
 Two types of data
• 1. Ungrouped data
• 2. Grouped data

Ungrouped data is in the form of raw scores

When it is organized into frequency
distribution, then it is referred to as Grouped
data.
 Graphical Representation of Ungrouped
data
• Bar graph or bar diagram
• Circle diagram or pie diagram
• Pictogram
• Line graph
• Frequency curve & Frequency polygon
• Cumulative or ogive frequency graph
 1.Line Graph
• Most common graphical representation By plotting X
axis on horizontally while Y axis vertically. Find out the
intersecting point or origin and join all intersections. A
line graph is formed by joining the points given by the
data with straight lines.
•
• A line graph is usually used to show the change of
information over a period of time. This means that the
horizontal axis is usually a time scale, for example
minutes, days, months or years.
 1.Draw Line graph
• This table shows daily earning of a store for
five days
Days Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri

Earnings 100 450 200 400 650

 1.Line graph
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
 2. Bar Graph
• The bars drawn are of uniform width and the variable
quantity is represented on one of the axes. Also, the
measure of the variable is depicted on the other
axes.
• The heights or the lengths of the bars denote the
value of the variable and these graphs are also used
to compare certain quantities.
• The frequency distribution tables can be easily
represented using bar charts which simplify the
calculations and understanding of data.
 2. Bar Graph
• The bar graphs can be vertical or horizontal.
The primary feature of any bar graph is its
length or height. If the length of the bar graph
is more, then the values are greater of any
given data.
 2. Bar Graph Types
• The types of bar charts are as follows:
1. Vertical bar chart
2. Horizontal bar chart
3. Multiple Bar Diagram
 2.(a)Vertical Bar Graphs

• When the grouped data are represented

vertically in a graph or chart with the help of
bars, where the bars denote the measure of
data, such graphs are called vertical bar
graphs. The data is represented along the y-
axis of the graph and the height of the bars
shows the values.
 2.(b) Horizontal Bar Graphs

• When the grouped data are represented

horizontally in a chart with the help of bars,
then such graphs are called horizontal bar
graphs, where the bars shows the measure of
data. The data is depicted here along the x-
axis of the graph and the length of the bars
denote the values.
 Example 1:
• In a firm of 400 employees, the percentage of monthly
salary saved by each employee is given in the following
table. Represent it through a bar graph.
Savings (in percentage) Number of Employees (Frequency)

20 105

30 199

40 29

50 73

Total 400
 2.(a)Vertical Bar Graphs

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
105 199 29 73
 2.(b)Horizontal Bar Graphs

73

29

199

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
 Example 2:
• A cosmetic company manufactures 4 different shades of
lipstick. The sale for 6 months is shown in the table.
Represent it using bar charts.
Month Shade 1 Shade 2 Shade3 Shade 4

Jan 4500 1600 4400 3245

Feb 2870 5645 5675 6754

Mar 3985 8900 9768 7786

Apr 6855 8976 9008 8965

May 3200 5678 5643 7865

Jun 3456 4555 2233 6547

 2.(c).Multiple Bar Diagram
12000

10000

8000
shade 1
6000 shade 2
Shade3
Column1
4000

2000

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
 3.Histogram
• A Histogram is a graphic representation of a
continuous frequency distribution through
special kind of vertical bar charts.
Construct Histogram
 4.Frequency Polygon
• Frequency Polygon is a histogram with straight lines
joining the midpoint of the rectangles.
• Polygon means a figure with many angles.
• X- axis is marked with class intervals.
• Y- axis is marked with frequencies.
• Vertical rectangles are drawn as per height og the
frequency of the class. The rectangles are drawn
without any gap in between.
• Width is equal to the range of the class. Height is equal
to the frequency of each class.
Example 1: In a batch of 400 students, the height
of students is given in the following table.
Represent it through a frequency polygon.

Height (in C.M) No. Of students

140-150 74

150-160 163

160-170 135

170-180 28

total 400
 Steps to draw Frequency Polygon
• Steps to Draw Frequency Polygon
• To draw frequency polygons, first we need to draw histogram and then
follow the below steps:
• Step 1- Choose the class interval and mark the values on the horizontal
axes
• Step 2- Mark the mid value of each interval on the horizontal axes.
• Step 3- Mark the frequency of the class on the vertical axes.
• Step 4- Corresponding to the frequency of each class interval, mark a
point at the height in the middle of the class interval
• Step 5- Connect these points using the line segment.
• Step 6- The obtained representation is a frequency polygon.
Frequency polygons can also be drawn independently without drawing histograms.
For this, the midpoints of the class intervals known as class marks are used to plot
the points.
The procedure for drawing a frequency curve is same as for frequency
polygon. But the points are joined by smooth or free hand curve
 5.Ogives
• Ogives are known also as cumulative frequency curves
and there are two kinds of ogives.
• 1.Less than ogive
2.Greater than ogive.
• Less than ogive: Here the cumulative frequencies are
plotted against the upper boundary of respective class
interval.
• Greater than ogive:
• Here the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the
lower boundaries of respective class intervals.
 6.Circle Graph or Pie Diagram
• Also known as pie chart that shows the
relationships of the parts of the whole. The
circle is considered with 100% and the
categories occupied is represented with that
specific percentage like 15%, 56% , etc.
 Other graphs
• Stem and Leaf Plot – In stem and leaf plot , the
data are organised from least value to the
greatest value. The digits of the least place
values from the leaves and the next place
value digit forms the stems.
• Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram
summarises the data by dividing into four
parts. Box and whisker shows the range
(spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.
 Merits of Using Graphs

• Some of the merits of using graphs are as follows:

• The graph is easily understood by everyone
without any prior knowledge.
• It saves time
• It allows to relate and compare the data for
different time periods
• It is used in statistics to determine the mean,
median and mode for different data, as well as in
interpolation and extrapolation of data.
• Bar graphs are used to match things between
different groups or to trace changes over time. Yet,
when trying to estimate change over time, bar graphs
are most suitable when the changes are bigger.
• Bar charts possess a discrete domain of divisions and
are normally scaled so that all the data can fit on the
graph. When there is no regular order of the divisions
being matched, bars on the chart may be organised in
any order. Bar charts organised from the highest to
the lowest number are called Pareto charts.
 conclusion
• Graphical forms makes it possible to easily
draw visual impression of data.
• Graphical representation of data enhance our
understandings.
• It makes comparison easily.
• This kind of method create an imprint on mind
for a long period of time.
 Reference
• 1.
https://byjus.com/maths/graphical-represent
ation/
.
• 2. Chandraiah,.P. (2010).Nursing Research and
statistics., Florence publication.