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Control Charts: Walter A. Shewhart

Control charts were originally developed by Walter A. Shewhart and are used to monitor variation in the characteristics of a product or service over time. Control charts focus on the time dimension and nature of variability in a system. Data collected from control charts can be used to study past performance, evaluate present conditions, and form the basis for process improvement. Control charts come in two main types - attributes control charts which are used for categorical variables, and variables control charts which are used for continuous variables.

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120 views28 pages

Control Charts: Walter A. Shewhart

Control charts were originally developed by Walter A. Shewhart and are used to monitor variation in the characteristics of a product or service over time. Control charts focus on the time dimension and nature of variability in a system. Data collected from control charts can be used to study past performance, evaluate present conditions, and form the basis for process improvement. Control charts come in two main types - attributes control charts which are used for categorical variables, and variables control charts which are used for continuous variables.

Uploaded by

dustoff4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Charts

originally developed by
Walter A. Shewhart
Control Charts

The control chart is a


statistical quality control tool
used in the monitoring variation
in the characteristics of
a product or service
Control Charts

The control chart focuses


on the time dimension and
the nature of the variability
in the system.
Control Charts

The control chart may be


used to study past
performance and/or to
evaluate present conditions.
Control Charts

Data collected from a


control chart may form the
basis for process
improvement.
Control Charts
Control Charts
• UCL = Process Average + 3 Standard
Deviations
•X LCL = Process Average - 3 Standard Deviations
UCL
+ 3 Process
Average
- 3
LCL

TIME
Levine, Prentic-Hall
Control Charts
• Graph of sample data plotted over
Assignable
Cause time
X
Variation 60
UCL
40
Mean Process
20 Average
LCL 
0
Random
1 3 5 7 9 11
Variation Time
Levine, Prentice-Hall
Control Charts
X X X

Common Cause Special Cause Downward Pattern:


Variation: no points Variation: two points no points outside
outside control limit outside control limit control limit;
however, eight or
Levine, Prentice-Hall more points in trend
Control Charts

• Attribute charts
• Variables charts
Control Charts
Charts may
be used for
categorical
variables.
[i.e.: attributes]
Control Charts
Whenever a character of
interest is measured on a
nominative or an interval, ie:
categorical, scale…an
attributes control chart is used
to monitor a process.
Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts


counts [c-chart]
proportion [p-charts]
Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts


when sample size are not constant
and/or are unknown
use counts charts
[c-charts]
Control Charts
c Chart for num_defect
20 UCL = 19.49
16

12
Centerline = 10.00
c

0 LCL = 0.51
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts


when sample size are constant
and are known
use proportion charts
[p-charts]
Control Charts
p Chart for defects/100
0.15

0.12
UCL = 0.10
0.09
p

0.06
Centerline = 0.04
0.03

0 LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 29.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
Control Charts
Charts may
be used for
interval or
ratio data
[i.e.: variables ]
Control Charts
Whenever a character of
interest is measured on an
interval or a ratio scale, a
variables control chart is
used to monitor a process.
Control Charts

• Variables Control Charts


Mean and Range charts
[x-bar & R charts]
Control Charts
Variables control charts are
typically used used in pairs.
…… one chart monitors process
average while the other monitors
the variation in a process.
Control Charts
p Chart for defects/100
X-bar Chart for observa
0.15
214
0.12
210
UCL = 208.21
206 UCL = 0.10
0.09 Centerline = 203.98
ar
X-bp

202
0.06 LCL = 199.75
198
Centerline = 0.04
0.03
194
1900 LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0
1.0 3.0 5.05.07.0 7.09.0 9.0 11.015.0
11.0 13.0 13.017.0
15.0
19.017.0
21.019.0 21.027.0
23.0 25.0 23.029.0
25.0
2.0 4.04.06.06.08.0 8.0
2.0 10.0 10.0 12.016.0
12.0 14.0 14.018.016.0
20.018.0
22.0 20.0 22.028.0
24.0 26.0 24.030.0
Control Charts
Range Chart for observa
15
UCL = 13.24
12

9
Range

6 Centerline = 5.80
3

0 LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Control Charts
In conclusion:
the control chart is a means of
monitoring variation in the
characteristics of
a product or service
Control Charts

Know the
assumptions
… let the
computer do
the hard work.
Control Charts

Questions?
ANOVA

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