Advances in Communications & Reliability of Power and Control Systems

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Advances in Communications &

Reliability of Power and Control


Systems

Presented by
John S. Levine, P.E.
Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
770 565-1556
John@L-3.com
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Are you frustrated?
• Ever had problems getting on the network?
• Ever had problems getting on the web?
• How can a person with an Apple Computer
send you an email when you use Microsoft
Outlook?
• Why can’t I talk to these relays?

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• All these questions will hopefully be answered
and more because:

This is all part of Communications!

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Overview of Topics to be covered

• Basics
• Ethernet
• Protocols
• HMI

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Basics
• Introduction
• Parallel
• Serial
• Parity Error
• Network
• Open verses Closed
• Standards
• OSI Model

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Introduction

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Formatting

Group Address Description

Current 0300 Phase A Current


0301 Phase B Current
0302 Phase C Current
030D Phase A Differential
030E Phase B Differential
030F Phase C Differential
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Parallel

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Serial

Baud Rate – A measure of how fast serial data is moving


between devices per second. 2 common levels are 19, 0 BPS
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and 9,600 BPS
Serial Communications

• Physical Layer
– RS 232
– RS 485
– USB

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RS 232

Slew Rate – Speed we can go from -25 V to 25 V,


limits baud rate DTE Data Terminal Equipment DCE Data Communication Equipment 11
RS 485

conductors are electrically floating 12


Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port
• Up to 127 devices can connect to the host,
either directly or by way of USB hubs.
• Individual USB cables can run as long as 5
meters; with hubs, devices can be up to 30
meters away from the host.
• With USB 2.,the bus has a maximum data
rate of 480 megabits per second.
• A USB cable has two wires for power (+5
volts and ground) and a twisted pair of
wires to carry the data.
• On the power wires, the computer can
supply up to 500 milliamps of power at 5
volts.

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Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port

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IEEE 1394 Interface
• The IEEE 1394 interface is a
serial bus interface standard for
high-speed communications and
isochronous real-time data
transfer, frequently used in a
personal computer (and digital
audio and digital video). The
interface is also known by the
brand names of FireWire (Apple
Inc.), i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx
(Texas Instruments). Though not
as widely used, the 1394 standard
also defines a backplane interface.
• Firewire 400-Speeds from 100, 0
or 400 Mbits/s half-duplex
• Firewire S3 0-Speeds up to 3 0
Mbits/s half-duplex

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Network

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Network

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Network Topologies

• The network topology defines the


way in which computers,
printers, IEDs and other devices
are connected
• A network topology describes the
layout of the wire and devices as
well as the paths used by data
transmissions.
• Commonly, referred to as a linear
bus, all the devices on a bus
topology are connected by one
single cable.

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Standards

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OSI Model

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Developed in 1978, the Open System Interconnection has 7
layers each performing part of the communications.

1) The physical level controls the physical connections between


devices, network topology, voltage levels to define 0’s and
1’s.RS232, RS485, and USB are 3 examples
2) Data link level provides framing
3) Network determines optima routing – IP of TCP/IP is based on this
4) Transport level guarantees delivery and is error free – the TCP of
TCP / IP (Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is at
transport level
5) Session mechanism for the establishment of a communications
session between applications
6) Presentation – correct translation of data
7) Application – provides the facilities or interface to allow the
application protocols or drivers such as Modbus or DNP
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Ethernet
• Introduction
• 10/100 Base T
• Hubs and Switches
• Fiber

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Introduction

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Ethernet in Devices

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 24


10/100 Base T

Max distance 100 meters or 328 feet


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10/100 Base T

Cat 5 Cable
Cat 5e Cable
Cat 6 Cable for Gigabit Ethernet
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M12 Industrial Ethernet Cables

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Fiber

Power Budget
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Single and Multi Mode Fiber

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Single and Multi Mode Fiber

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62.5 micrometers
Common Fiber Connectors
ST-Straight tip SC-Subscriber Connector

Primary
LC-Lucent Connector Ethernet Port

Secondary
Ethernet Port
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Hard Fiber Eliminating Complexity

Eliminates 33 40 less cabling 1,000’s of wires


Eliminate 90 of
of breaker with no replaced with few
control building
terminations terminations communication
terminations
required cables
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Hubs and Switches

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Industrial Switches for the Plant Floor

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Managed Switches
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): a set of
protocols for managing network performance, finding and solving
network problems, and planning for network growth
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): configures
broadcast message behavior
• Virtual LAN (VLAN): a network of computers that behave as if
they are connected to the same wire even though they may actually
be physically located on different segments of a LAN
• Quality of service (QoS): Allows prioritization of packets to
occur or improve performance for key channels
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP): algorithm to prevent wiring
topology mistakes or create redundancy in a network

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Hubs and Switches

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Wireless
• This is where the future is. Products are now
being designed with Wireless build into the
device.
• Regulated and unregulated frequencies
• Different speeds depending on the application

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Wireless Product Portfolio

• Unlicensed Broadband
• Licensed & Unlicensed Transparent • Data Speeds to 8 Mbps
• x710 Platform 9.6 kbps • Mobile and Fixed
• TransNET 115 kbps
• 5 Watt Tx Power • Network Enabled

• NETio Platform
• 115 kbps FHSS
• ISM 900MHz & 2.4 Ghz
• Support for IEEE802.15.4

• Up to 1 Mbps • eNET
• Mobile and Fixed • 115 kbps FHSS
• Network Enabled • 900 and 2.4 GHz FHSS
• Network enabled
• LEDR PTP Radio
• 4 / 16 / 32 QAM Radio
• Data Rates to 8 Mbps
• T1 / E1 / Fractional Rates
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Router
• Definition from Wikipedia - A router is a
computer networking device that forwards
data packets across a network toward their
destinations, through a process known as
routing. Routing occurs at Layer 3 (the
network layer i.e. Internet Protocol (IP) of the
OSI seven-layer protocol stack.

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Other Computer Networking Devices
• Gateway: device sitting at a network node for
interfacing with another network that uses different
protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7.
• Bridge: a device that connects multiple network
segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI
layer 2.
• Repeater: device to amplify or regenerate digital
signals received while setting them from one part of a
network into another. Works on OSI layer 1.

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Proxy, Firewall, and Port
• Proxy: computer network service which allows clients to
make indirect network connections to other network
services
• Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the
network to prevent some communications forbidden by the
network policy
• Computer port (hardware) - a physical interface between a
computer and other computers or devices
• Computer port (software) - a virtual data connection
between computer programs possibly through a computer
network
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Firewalls

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Relays at L-3
Firewall Slave
Wan I.P Port Technology Destination IP Destination Port Address Device
172.165.187.153 502 Relays 192.168.1.240 502 254 F60
172.165.187.153 503 Relays 192.168.1.241 502   Multinet
172.165.187.153 503 Relays none 502 1 PQM II
172.165.187.153 503 Relays none 502 3 SPM
172.165.187.153 503 Relays none 502 45 745
172.165.187.153 503 Relays none 502 89 489
172.165.187.153 504 Relays 192.168.1.242 502 242 469
172.165.187.153 505 Relays 192.168.1.243 502 243 760
172.165.187.153 506 Relays 192.168.1.244 502 249 MM300
172.165.187.153 507 Relays 192.168.1.245 502 13 T60
172.165.187.153 508 Relays 192.168.1.246 502 2 369
172.165.187.153 509 Relays 192.168.1.247 502 50 350
Serial to Ethernet Converters

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Serial to Ethernet Converters

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Adding Devices to a Network
• Static IP address 3.94.244.1 for devices
• Subnet 255.255.255.0 for network

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Adding Devices to a Network

DNS - Domain Name System, Internet system to translate names into IP addresses
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Checking IP Address

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Checking IP Address

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Other useful Dos Command
• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all (gives you IP and MAC address)
• ping -t
• tracert
• exit
• You can hit F3 to go to the previous dos command
• Or you can hit the up arrow to go back to previous
dos commands

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ping

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tracert

• Black list and White list


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Useful Internet Sites
• www.Dnsstuff.com - can use to find if a web
site is getting blocked or who owns it.
• www.Speakeasy.net/speedtest/ - Can use for a
speed test
• www.Spinrite.com – Can use to check for
leaks in your firewall
• http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.php
get the IP address for a I.P. name.
• www.whatismyip.com – your WAN IP
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Protocols
• Modbus
• Modbus Plus
• DNP
• DeviceNet
• Profibus
• Direct I/O
• IEC 61850
• Hart
• BACnet
• Protocol Converters

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Modbus
• Can be communicated via RS 232, RS485, 10/100
Base T, and 10/100 Base F
• Is half-duplex serial in all configurations
• Uses a master and slaves
• Data is stored in a register

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Modbus Plus
• Proprietary protocol
• Can be communicated via RS485. Uses a peer-to-
peer token exchange type network. Multi-Master.
• Global data can be sent with the token.
• 64 nodes per network, can Bridge networks.
• Speeds up to 1 MB
• Up to 1800 meters with repeaters

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Digital Network Protocol
(DNP 3)
• Developed by GE Harris – can time stamp data
• Scalable
• Has Client (computer) and server (device)
• Can poll for change
• Can set up for Unsolicited messaging from
server

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Digital Network Protocol
(DNP 3)

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DeviceNet
EtherNet/IP (Ethernet Industrial Protocol)
• Based on the Controller Area Network protocol (CAN)
• Managed by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association
• Bus Topology at 24 VDC
• Baud rates of 125, 250, and 500 Kbps
• Can have up to 64 nodes on a single local network
• DeviceNet uses abstract OOT (Object-Oriented
Technique)
– objects
– class
– instances
– attributes
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DeviceNet

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Profibus
• PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus)
• Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery)
• PROFIBUS-FMS (Fieldbus Message
Specification)
• PROFIBUS-PA (Process Automation)
• Profinet – Ethernet based Fieldnetwork

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Profibus

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Profibus

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Profibus

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Direct I/O
• 4 interface standards can be used
– IEEE 37.94, Fiber, RS422, and G.703

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Direct I/O
• Great for a Main – Tie – Main application

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IEC 61850
• Designed as a universal plug and play between
manufactures
• Uses descriptions instead of registers
• Generic Object Oriented Substation Event –
Messaging (GOOSE Messaging)
• Ethernet is required as part of IEC 61850
The phrase “sixty-one-eight-fifty”
has become a designator for the next generation substation
secondary system with a higher degree of integration, reduced
cost, greater flexibility, communication networks replacing hard-
wired connections, plug-and-play functionality, reduced
construction and commissioning time, and other advantages
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IEC 61860

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IEC 61850 Applications
• Breaker Failure Initiate to Other Breaker
• Broadcast a Trip Message to All Feeder Breakers
• High Speed Bus Transfer (M-T-M)
• Switching Set Groups
• Load Shedding
• Upstream Relay Tripping & Blocking
• Bus Protection
• Relay Voting
• Reclose Initiation
• Underfrequency Load Shedding
• Transfer Tripping
• Remote Start/Stop Commands
• Blocking Schemes
• ? 70
IEC61850 Applications…
Bus Transfer with 1 Relay

Vaux

Vaux

Ia,Ib,Ic
Ia,Ib,Ic
Va,Vb,Vc

Va,Vb,Vc
trip trip
status status
1 close close 2

status
close
trip T

F F F F

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Hart
• HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) Protocol is
the global standard for sending and receiving digital
information across analog wires between smart devices and
control or monitoring system.

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BACnet
• BACnet (Building Automation and Control) was developed in
1987 by a group of HVAC and Building Automation
professionals as a standard, open protocol specifically for the
building automation industry.

• Objects
– 123 Properties
• 32 Standard Services

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Protocol or Gateway Converters

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Protocols available:
Serial
Universal Gateway • GE Fanuc, SNP-X Master
• Schneider, Modbus Master (ASCII & RTU)
• Schneider, Modbus Slave (ASCII & RTU)
• Schneider, Uni-Telway Slave Client/Server
• Siemens, AS511 Master
• Allen Bradley, DF1 Full Duplex
• Siemens, TI-Dir Master
Ethernet TCP/IP
• Allen Bradley, EtherNet/IP PCCC
• Altus, Alnet II
• Alstom, SRTP
• GE Fanuc, SRTP
• Mitsubishi, Melsec
• Omron, FINS
• Schneider, Open Modbus
• Schneider, Uni-TE
• Siemens, Industrial Ethernet
Profibus
• Siemens S7/MPI Client
• Siemens S5 Client
• DP-V0 Master/Slave Class 1 & 2
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PLC Gateways

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Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Overview
• Plug and Play
• One-Line Viewer
• Annunciator
• OPC / DDE Server

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HMI Overview
• SCADA – Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition
• RTU – Remote Terminal Unit
• It is now extremely easy and cost effective to
view your devices without having to be in
front of the relays.

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Plug and Play Viewpoint Monitoring

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Dashboard

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One-Line Viewer

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One-Line Editor

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Annunciator

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Automatic Event and Waveform
Retrieval

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Trending Reports

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Comtrade Files

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OPC
• The OPC Foundation is an industry
consortium that creates and maintains
standards for open connectivity of industrial
automation devices and systems. The OPC
standards specify the communication of
industrial process data, alarms and events,
historical data and batch process data between
sensors, instruments, controllers, software
systems and notification devices.
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DDE
• Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a
technology for communication between
multiple applications under Microsoft
Windows and OS/2.
• Microsoft Excel has a DDE server – you can
open a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and fill it
with data, by opening a DDE conversation
with Excel and sending it DDE commands.

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OPC / DDE
Server

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Sources of Information
• GE Multilin Communications Training CD
• http://www.woodhead.com/products/brad/brad
communications/
• http://www.wikipedia.org/
• http://www.profibus.com/wbt/en/wbt1/
• http://www.odva.org/

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Copy of Presentation
www.L-3.com/private/ieee/ieee communications-2010.ppt

– EASA Root Cause 0502.pdf


– Lowzero.pdf
– ConversionofElectromechanicalsettingtoDigitalsetting_r3.doc
– Motor Protection Principles.pdf
– Protection Basics_r3.ppt
– IEEE Generator Protection.ppt
– ITI CT applications.pdf
– post_glover_resistance_grounding_ 2009.ppt
– GE Digital Relays 2009.PPT
– ANSI Symbols.pdf
– ITI Basics -2-09 .ppt
– IEEE Communications- 2010.ppt
– IAS Sched 2009- 2010-Birmingham.pdf

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Thank You

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