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    CE301.3A-10 Weathering - Erosion - Interactive

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    Weathering and erosion are surface processes that change rocks and soil. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes without moving them. Erosion is the movement and removal of weathered earth materials by natural agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through stresses like freezing and thawing. Chemical weathering breaks rocks down chemically through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering involves breakdown by living things like plant roots, burrowing animals, and lichen acids. Water is the most important agent of erosion but wind and ice also erode landscapes.

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    CE301.3A-10 Weathering - Erosion - Interactive

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    sabirfurqan
    37 views90 pages
    Weathering and erosion are surface processes that change rocks and soil. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes without moving them. Erosion is the movement and removal of weathered earth materials by natural agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through stresses like freezing and thawing. Chemical weathering breaks rocks down chemically through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering involves breakdown by living things like plant roots, burrowing animals, and lichen acids. Water is the most important agent of erosion but wind and ice also erode landscapes.

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    Weathering and erosion are surface processes that change rocks and soil. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes without moving them. Erosion is the movement and removal of weathered earth materials by natural agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through stresses like freezing and thawing. Chemical weathering breaks rocks down chemically through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering involves breakdown by living things like plant roots, burrowing animals, and lichen acids. Water is the most important agent of erosion but wind and ice also erode landscapes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views90 pages

    CE301.3A-10 Weathering - Erosion - Interactive

    Uploaded by

    sabirfurqan
    Weathering and erosion are surface processes that change rocks and soil. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical, chemical, and biological processes without moving them. Erosion is the movement and removal of weathered earth materials by natural agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through stresses like freezing and thawing. Chemical weathering breaks rocks down chemically through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering involves breakdown by living things like plant roots, burrowing animals, and lichen acids. Water is the most important agent of erosion but wind and ice also erode landscapes.

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    of 90

    Weathering & Erosion

    Reference:
    CE-301-Lecture 10

    CHAPTER 3 SURFACE Lecturer Abdul jabbar


    PROCESSES
    Geology for Engineers 7th Edition by Semester 2
    F.G.H. Blyth and M.H. de Freitasgoiit
    weterinh weathering 15 Feb 10 – 18 Jun 10
    What is weathering?

    Weathering is a set of physical,


    chemical and biological
    processes that change the
    physical and chemical
    properties of rocks and soil at
    or near the earth's surface.
    More about weathering
     Definition – the breakdown of rock to
    form sediment [very small pieces of
    rock] Or The breakdown do the materials of Earth’s
    crust into smaller pieces.
     Weathering happens to rocks that are
    NOT MOVING
     Weathering is part of the Rock Cycle
    There are three types of
    weathering
     Mechanical [sometimes called physical] : disintegration/ disaggregation of
    rocks via mechanical processes. Temperature, abrasion in wind, rain drops

     Chemical: Decomposition of rocks and minerals via chemical reactions at


    the Earth’s surface. Chemical agents: acids in rain air and rivers etc

     Biological: Mechanical and chemical changes directly associated with


    animals and plants. Plant roots, burrowing animals, root gases increasing acidity
    Mechanical Weathering
     Mechanical Unloading. Vertical expansion, erosion
    reduces load opening fractures
     Mechanical Loading. Impact and abrasion of wind
    borne particles in deserts and effect of intense rain
    drops
     Thermal Loading. Expansion of freezing water,
    high and low temperatures
     Wetting and drawing. Repeated loss & abrasion of
    water in certain clays
     Crystallization. Formation of crystals in fissures
    and pores, originally in solution
     Pneumatic Loading. Waves effect on trapped air in
    cliffs.
    Mechanical weathering ,
    a rock is broken down into
    smaller pieces without
    changing its mineral
    composition.

    Types of mechanical weathering include


    loading/unloading, frost heaving and wedging, Plants
    roots, Friction and impact, Burrowing of animals and
    thermal expansion.
    Loading / Unloading
    – Joints parallel to ground open up forming ‘sheets’, 1m
    – Spallings, small platy fragments fall of
    – Many open up during quarrying with sound once
    relieved of stresses
    Frost Wedging

    Repeated freezing breaks of


    flakes & angular fragments
    (Screes)
    Frost Heaving

    Freezing process increases volume in pores


    Plant Roots
    Friction and Repeated Impact
    •Temperature variation in
    hot climate, flakes of outer
    layer of rocks split off
    ,process is exfoliation
    •Cracks may form, salts
    and water cause
    decomposition and
    increase weathering called
    insolation
    Burrowing of Animals
    Thermal
    Expansion/Temperature
    Changes
    Chemical Weathering

    Chemical weathering breaks rocks down


    chemically adding or removing chemical
    elements, and changes them into other
    materials.
    Chemical weathering consists of chemical
    reactions, most of which involve water.
    Chemical Weathering

     Some Processes
     Solution. CO2 in soil profile making carbonic
    acid H2CO3 with percolating rain water.
     Oxidation. Oxygen with mineral forms oxides
     Reduction. Oxygen leaves mineral
     Hydration. Absorption of water, expands
    clays, hastens the above processes
    Chemical weathering happens
    quickly in warm, moist
    environments because water is
    needed for the chemical
    reactions.
    The warm weather speeds up the
    reactions.

    The agents of chemical weathering Water ,


    Oxygen , Carbon dioxide, Living organisms
    & Acid rain
    Water
    • Water weathers rock by dissolving it
    Oxygen
    • Iron combines with
    oxygen in the
    presence of water in
    a processes called
    oxidation
    • The product of
    oxidation is rust
    Carbon Dioxide
    • CO2 dissolves in rain water and creates
    carbonic acid
    • Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone
    and marble
    Living Organisms
    • Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak
    acids that chemically weather rock
    Acid Rain
    • Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas
    react chemically with water forming acids.
    • Acid rain causes very rapid chemical
    weathering
     Wet Climate
     More vegetation, more severe

     More Co activity
    2
     More rains weathered surfaces flushed more quickly

     More effect on Gypsum, lime stone and NaCl etc

     Calcium bicarbonate is formed

     More water through fissures, lead to shallow holes

     In dense vegetation few hundred metres weathered rock

     Sandstone & shale more resistant

     Even granite is affected, closely spaced joints more


    weathering
     Karst Topography?
    Chemical Weathering
     Karst Topography
     A type of landscape in rainy regions where there is
    limestone near the surface, characterized by caves,
    sinkholes, and disappearing streams.
     Created by chemical weathering of limestone
    Chemical Weathering
    Sinkholes

    Features of
    Karst: Caves

    Disappearing
    streams
    Not all minerals are prone to chemical
    weathering. For example, feldspar
    and quartz, are common minerals in
    the rock granite, have very different
    levels of resistance to chemical
    weathering.
    Quartz doesn’t weather very easily,
    but feldspar does. Over a long time,
    it chemically changes into clay
    minerals.
    Biological weathering involves
    processes that can be either
    chemical or physical in nature.

    Biological weathering can be


    considered special types of
    mechanical or chemical
    weathering.
    Biological weathering is the breakdown
    of rock caused by the action of living
    organisms, including plants, burrowing
    animals, and lichens.

    A lichen is a combination of fungus and algae,


    living together in a symbiotic relationship.
    Lichens can live on bare rock, and they break
    down rocks by secreting acids and other
    chemicals.
    Some biological weathering
    processes are:
     Rocks can break because of animal burrowing.
     Rock surface kept damp by plants, increase in
    solvent action.
     Tree roots grow into cracks and widen them,
    which helps physical weathering.
     Bacteria, lichens and other organisms secrete
    acidic solutions, which helps chemical
    weathering.
    Lichens on
    rocks cause
    biological
    weathering.
    What is erosion?

    Erosion is defined as the removal and


    movement of earth materials by
    natural agents.
    Some of these agents include glaciers,
    wind, water, earthquakes, volcanoes,
    tornadoes, hurricanes, mud flows,
    and avalanches.
    How are erosion & weathering
    different?
    Weathering involves two processes
    [mechanical, chemical]
    that often work together to break
    down rocks. Both processes occur
    in place. No movement is involved
    in weathering.
    As soon as a rock particle (loosened by one of
    the two weathering processes) moves, we call
    it erosion or mass wasting.
    Mass wasting is simply movement down slope
    due to gravity.
    Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all
    examples of mass wasting. We call it erosion if
    the rock particle is moved by some flowing
    agent such as air, water or ice.
    In a nutshell: if a particle is
    loosened, chemically or
    mechanically, but stays
    put, we call it weathering.
    Once the particle starts moving,
    we call it erosion.
    What are the different types of
    erosion?
    Erosion Agents

     Rivers, winds, moving ice & waves


     Loosening, dislodging and carrying
    particles of soils, sediments and rock
    pieces
    Water is the most important
    erosion agent and erodes most
    often as running water in
    streams or rivers.
    Water in all its forms is erosional. Raindrops create
    splash erosion that moves tiny particles of soil.
    Water collecting on the surface of the soil collects
    as it moves towards tiny streams and creates sheet
    erosion.
    The Work of Rivers

    Deposition more
    likely at lower
    velocities
    Erosion more likely
    at higher velocities
    The Work of Sea

    WAVE EROSION
    breaking waves

    +
    silt, sand, gravel

    erosion
    Coastal Erosion
     Arches and stacks
     Sea exerts sawing
    effect on cliff base,
    cutting horizontal
    notch which
    weakens
     Atmospheric
    denudation wears
    off upper part
     Debris moved to
    ‘off shore’ zone by
    waves
     Arch’s crown worn
    out stack is formed
    Waves in oceans and other large
    bodies of water cause coastal
    erosion.
    The power of ocean waves is
    awesome; large storm waves can
    produce 2000 pounds of pressure
    per square foot. The pure energy
    of waves along with the chemical
    content of the water is what
    erodes the rock of the coastline.
    Wave action in Calvert County Maryland
    Erosion by wind is known as aeolian
    erosion (named after Aeolus, the Greek
    god of winds) and usually occurs in
    deserts. Aeolian erosion of sand in the
    desert is partially responsible for the
    formation of sand dunes.
    Painted Desert National Monument
    The Work of Wind

    What Controls Transport by Wind?

     Wind strength
     More wind, more material!
     Amount of available surface material
     No particles, no transport
     Size of particles
     The smaller the better!
     i.e., dust is much easier to transport than sand
    The Work of Wind

    Wind Transport
     Suspension
     Sliding
     Rolling
     Saltation
    The Work of Wind

    Suspension of Dust
     Only small particles (<20 m) can
    remain in suspension for long-time
    periods.
    The Work of Ice
    ...definition What is a Glacier?
    A Glacier is
     part of hydrological cycle
     thick ice mass
     formed on land
     made by snow:
     accumulation
     compaction
     recrystallization
     able to flow
    The erosive power of moving
    ice is actually a greater
    than the power of water.
    however since water is
    much more common, it is
    responsible for a greater
    amount of erosion on the
    earth's surface.
    Glaciers cause erosion two ways - they pluck and
    abrade. Plucking takes place by water entering
    cracks under the glacier, freezing, and breaking
    off pieces of rock that are then moved by the
    glacier. Abrasion cuts into the rock under the
    glacier, scooping rock up like a bulldozer and
    smoothing and polishing the rock surface.
    Glacial Deposits
     More than one third of world is glaciated
     Different from water borne sediments; show
    lack of sorting
     Out wash deposits spread in streams and rivers
    from snout, un stratified till modified by water
     Boulders and rock fragments embedded in
    ground up debris of rock flour clay
     Large blocks left enroute
     Extreme variability, difficulty of construction
     Glacial lakes, show layers of fine and course
    grained sediments
    Land Forms
     Hummocky Ridge. Debris dropped ahead of glacier as
    ice melts
     Kames. Mounds of sand and gravel from ice along its
    margin during pauses in retreat laying parallel to ice
    front
     Out wash fans. Stream of melt –water flow in tunnels
    in base of ice sediment particles partly rounded. When
    emerge, speed checked by transported debris, on land
     Eskers. Sub glacial streams depositing gravel, right
    angle to ice front, in still water forming delta
     Drumlins. Smooth oval shaped mounds composed of
    boulders and clay
     Crag. Large rock mass in low laying country dividing
    path of advancing ice
    MASS
    WASTING Landform development

    “Mass wasting”
    down slope movement of rock/ soil
     force of gravity dominates
     distinct from erosional processes
     follows weathering

    Primary Influences on Mass Movement is Nature of slope


    materials, Amount of water & Angle of slope
    Classification of Mass Movements

     Rock avalanche • Debris flow


     Debris • Mudflow
    avalanche • Earth/land flow
     Rockfall
    • Slump
     Rockslide
    • Creep
     Debris slide
    Rock avalanche
    Debris avalanche
    Rockfalls
    MASS
    WASTING Earth / land flow

     humid areas
     hillsides
     rich in clay/silt
     slow rates
    Debris slide
    Mass Movements
     Landslides, mudslides, slump and creep

    landslide clip.mpeg
    Formation of Meanders
    &
    OX-Box
    River Patterns

     River and tributaries is network


     Influenced by shape and boundaries,
    separating various rocks within
    catchment area
     If a river cuts back and starts getting
    water from stream no previously
    contributing is called ‘river capture’.
     Other stream becomes misfit for the
    valley
    River Patterns

    DENDRITIC
    River Patterns

    RECTANGULAR
    River Patterns

    DISAPPEARING
    River Patterns

    RADIAL
    River Patterns

    SUPERIMPOSED
    River Patterns
    Meandering Rivers
    River Patterns
    Formation of Meanders
    River Patterns

    Point
    bar
    deposits
    River Patterns
    Point Bar Deposits

    Point bar deposits grows laterally


    through time
    River Patterns
    Cut bank erosion

    Point
    bar
    deposits
    } Meander
    loop
    River Patterns
    Formation of an Oxbow
    River Patterns
    Meandering Stream Processes and Formation of Oxbow
    Lake

    Oxbow Lakes
    River Patterns

     Constantly erode material - Cut bank


     Constantly deposit material - Point bar
     Change their channel course gradually
     Create floodplains wider than the channel
     Very Fertile soil
     Subjected to seasonal flooding
    THANKS
    River Patterns

    Meandering stream
    flowing from
    top of screen
    to bottom
    River Patterns

    Maximum
    deposition Maximum
    erosion
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    River Patterns
    Meander scars

    Oxbow Lake

    Oxbow
    cuttoff

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