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Types: (A) External Prestressing

The document discusses various topics related to prestressed concrete including: 1. Types of prestressing systems - external, linear/circular, pre-tensioning, post-tensioning. 2. Common prestressing systems used in practice like Hoyer, Freyssinet, Magnel-Blaton, Gifford-Udall systems. 3. Losses of prestress - during tensioning due to friction, at anchoring, and over time due to shrinkage, creep, elastic shortening, and steel relaxation. 4. Design of prestressed I-section beams including determining safe stresses, loads, depth, prestress force, concrete/tendon areas, and section

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Annamalai Vaidyanathan
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360 views32 pages

Types: (A) External Prestressing

The document discusses various topics related to prestressed concrete including: 1. Types of prestressing systems - external, linear/circular, pre-tensioning, post-tensioning. 2. Common prestressing systems used in practice like Hoyer, Freyssinet, Magnel-Blaton, Gifford-Udall systems. 3. Losses of prestress - during tensioning due to friction, at anchoring, and over time due to shrinkage, creep, elastic shortening, and steel relaxation. 4. Design of prestressed I-section beams including determining safe stresses, loads, depth, prestress force, concrete/tendon areas, and section

Uploaded by

Annamalai Vaidyanathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Systems of Prestressing

Types
(a) External prestressing :

(b) Linear or circular prestressing :


Linear prestressing is a term applied to prestressing straight members like beams and slabs.
The term circular prestressing is applied to prestressing circular structures like-
cylindrical tanks, silos and pipes.

(c) Pre-tensioning : In pre-tensioned members, the tendons are tensioned before casting
the concrete.

The prestress is thus transmitted to

Concrete entirely by the action of

bond between the reinforcement

and the surrounding concrete.

Pre-tensioning system is found uneconomical for large spans.


(d) Post-tensioning : A post-tensioned member is one in which the reinforcement is
tensioned after the concrete has fully hardened.

Systems of pre-stressing
HOYER SYSTEM The Hoyer system is usually adopted for the production of pre-
tensioned members on a large scale.

PSC Pole
THE FREYSSINET SYSTEM ( The post tensioning systems )

High tension steel wires 5 mm to 8 mm diameter about 12 in number are arranged to form a
cable/strand.

THE MAGNEL BLATON SYSTEM

In this system a cable of rectangular section is


provided, which contains layers of wires 5 mm
to 8 mm diameter.
GIFFORD UDALL SYSTEM

P.S.C. MONOWIRE SYSTEM

In this system, wires are tensioned


individually.
C.C.L. STANDARD SYSTEM
This is anchor system where the wires are tensioned individually.

LEE-MCCALL SYSTEM

In this system high tensile alloy steel bars


(silico-manganese steel) are used as the
prestressing tendons. These bars are provided
in 22 mm, 25 mm, 28 mm and 30 mm diameter
END
Loss of Prestress
(i) Loss of prestress during the tensioning process
(ii) Loss of prestress at the anchoring stage
(iii) Losses occurring subsequently

(I) Loss Of Prestress During the Tensioning Process Due To Friction :

The loss due to friction may be classified as - (i) Loss due to length effect
(ii) Loss due to curvature effect
(i) Loss due to length effect

The length effect means the extent of friction met within a straight tendon due to slight
imperfections of the duct. In practice the duct meant for straight tendon is not absolutely straight.
This loss is also called the loss due to wobbing effect, or wave effect.

The prestressing force “Px” in the tendon at any distance “x” from the jack is given by
The values of “k” (Wobble correction factor ) for the different systems :

(ii) Loss due to curvature effect


In the case of curved ducts, the loss of prestress depends upon the radius of curvature R of the
duct and the coefficient of friction between the duct surface and the tendon.

The tension at any point of the cable


distant x from the jacking end is given by

The length effect and the curvature effect


may combined as -

After solving
I.S. recommendations : As per the I.S. code 1343 (1980), for straight or moderately curved
structure with curved or straight cables, the value of the prestressing force, “Px” at a distance “x”
from the tensioning end, shall be calculated by the formula -

Coefficient of friction :

Finally,
Loss of Prestress at the Anchoring Stage
This loss is due to the fact that the anchorage fixtures themselves are subjected to a stretch.
It is also possible that the friction wedges holding the wires may slip a little.

The loss of prestress due to deformation,


slip, etc. is given by

Loss of Prestress after Prestressing :

(i) Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete,


(ii) Loss of stress due to creep of concrete,
(iii) Loss of stress due to elastic shortening of concrete,
(iv) Loss of stress due to creep of steel (stress relaxation).

Shrinkage Loss : As per the I.S. code 1343 (1980), Shrinkage Loss is equal to product of
the modulus of elasticity of steel Es and the shrinkage strain of concrete

Shrinkage Loss = Es x Residual shrinkage strain


Where, T = the age of concrete at transfer in days.

Creep Loss : As per the I.S. code 1343 (1980), Loss of prestress due to creep of concrete
= (Es for prestressing steel) X (Ultimate creep strain of concrete along the prestressing

steel over its entire length)

Loss of stress due to elastic shortening of concrete :

The steel will also shorten as the concrete shortens.


Hence the loss of strain in steel = strain in concrete
For Pre-tensioned Member :
Loss of stress due to elastic shortening of concrete

For Post-tensioned Member : may be ignored, since small quantity..

Loss of stress due to creep in steel (relaxation of stress) :

As per the I.S. code 1343 (1980)


Total loss of prestress :
Example : A pre-tensioned beam 250 mm wide and 360 mm deep is prestressed by 10 wires of
8 mm diameter initially stressed to 1000 N /mm2. The centroid of the steel wires is located
at105 mm from the soffit. Determine the maximum stress in concrete immediately after
transfer, allowing elastic shortening of concrete only at the level of the centroid of steel. If,
however, the concrete is subjected to additional shortening due to creep and shrinkage and the
steel is subjected to a relaxation of stress of 5 percent, find the final percentage loss of stress in
the steel wires.Take Es = 210 kN/mm2, Ec =36.85 kN/mm2, creep coefficient Φ =1.60. Total
residual shrinkage strain =3 x 10- 4.

Area of the beam section

Moment of inertia of the beam section

Eccentricity

Modular ratio
Stress in concrete at the level of steel
(fc)

Loss of stress due to elastic shortening of concrete = m x fc

The various losses of stress :


Example : A prestressed concrete beam 250 mm wide and 360 mm deep has a span of 12m. The
beam is prestressed by steel wires of area 350 mm2 provided at a uniform eccentricity of 60 mm
with an initial prestress of 1250 N / mm2. Determine the percentage loss of wires. stress in the
wires. (a) if the beam is a pre-tensioned beam, (b) if the beam is a post-tensioned beam.

Friction coefficient for wave effect

Area of the beam section

Moment of inertia of the beam section

Initial pre-stressing force

Modular ratio
Stress in concrete
at the level of steel

LOSS OF STRESS :

(A) Pre-Tensioned beam


LOSS OF STRESS :

(A) Post-Tensioned beam


Example : A post-tensioned prestressed concrete beam of 16 meters span is subjected to an
initial pre-stress of 1458 kN transferred at 28 days strength of concrete. Profile of the cable is
parabolic with the maximum eccentricity of 520 mm at the center of the span.
Determine the following losses in prestress due to : (a) Elastic shortening. (b) Shrinkage in
concrete.(c) Creep in concrete. (d) Slip in anchorage. (e) Frictional loss.
Also, determine the effect of strain due to flexure caused by an external load of 30
kN / meter acting on the beam on losses. Jacking is done from both ends of the beam.
Estimate the net loss of prestress. Assume weight of prestressed concrete = 24000 N 1m3.

Take

Anchorage slip =2.5 mm

Solution :
B.M. at center due to eccentricity

Net B.M. at center = -758.16 + 185.856 = - 572.304 kN-m

(a) Loss due to elastic shortening :

Loss of prestress = 2.295 x l0- 4 x 2.1 x 105 = 48.19 N/mm2


(b) Loss of stress due to shrinkage in concrete :

(c) Loss of Prestress due to creep in concrete :

Loss of prestress due to creep in steel

(d) Loss of stress due to slip in anchorage : Assuming a slip of 2.5 mm

(e) Loss due to friction :


From support to center change in slope
Effect of external loading of 30 kN / m

Strain in concrete at the level of tendon, at mid span

Gain in strain in steel = 2.466 x 10-4


THE DESIGN OF “ I-SECTION” BEAM
Design Steps :

1. Safe Stresses :
Concrete : At transfer, safe compressive stress

At service, safe compressive stress

Permissible tensile stress

Steel : Safe stress in steel at service = 60% of the ultimate stress


Ultimate stress may be taken as 1500 N / mm2
Loss of prestress may be taken from 15% to 20%.

2. Find the live load bending moment ML :

Approximate dead load bending moment


Approximate total bending moment = Mt = Md + ML

3. The overall depth d may be determined from the rule -

Where, d = overall depth in mm


k = a coefficient between 30 and 45 ( generally 35 )
4. Approx. final prestressing force

5. Area of concrete required Ac

6. Area of tendons

Note : 1. Thickness of flange and web may be adopted as 120 mm to 150 mm.
2. 8 nos. to 12 nos. of wires may be accommodated in one cable. Thus, we can find the number of cables required.
3. We may provide the cables at a spacing of 120 mm.

7. Finally check the beam section for the following cases :


(I) Beam subjected to initial prestressing force + dead load
(II) Beam subjected to final prestressing force + dead load + live load
Example :

Permissible Stresses :
L.L. moment

Approximate dead load moment

Approximate overall depth Say 1200 mm

Approximate final prestressing force

Area of concrete section required


Moment of inertia of the section

Check for stresses : as usual …………………..


Deflection of Prestressed Concrete Members

Short Term Deflection :

Bending moment and flexural rigidity are the two fundamental properties by which
short term deflections are determined.

Deflections caused by tendon

(i) Beam with straight tendon :


(ii) Tendon with symmetrical trapezoidal profile :

(iii) Beam with a parabolic tendon


(iv) The beam with parabolic tendon with positive eccentricity at supports and
negative eccentricity at the center
(v) Beam provided with symmetrical straight sloping cable :
Permissible Deflection :

The I.S. code has suggested that the instantaneous deflection corresponding to the design
loads may be determined by elastic analysis.
The elastic modulus may be taken as

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