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Chapter 4 - Data Collection and Sampling Methods

1) The document discusses different types of research studies, data sources, sampling methods, and errors. 2) It describes exploratory, descriptive, causal, and predictive research studies and differentiates between primary and secondary data sources. 3) The document explains probability and non-probability sampling methods and distinguishes between sampling and non-sampling errors.

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Jomii Salvador
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155 views

Chapter 4 - Data Collection and Sampling Methods

1) The document discusses different types of research studies, data sources, sampling methods, and errors. 2) It describes exploratory, descriptive, causal, and predictive research studies and differentiates between primary and secondary data sources. 3) The document explains probability and non-probability sampling methods and distinguishes between sampling and non-sampling errors.

Uploaded by

Jomii Salvador
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4:

Data Collection
and Sampling Methods

Rutcher M. Lacaza
INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTS, BUSINESS AND FINANCE
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
Chapter 4 - Learning Objectives
• Describe the types of studies and their purposes:
– Exploratory
– Descriptive
– Causal
– Predictive
• Explain the differences between data sources:
– Primary
– Secondary: Internal versus External
• Differentiate between sampling designs:
– Probabilitistic versus nonprobabilitistic designs
• Differentiate between sampling and nonsampling
errors.
Types of Research Studies
• Exploratory
– Understand a problem, identify relevant
variables, formulate hypotheses
• Descriptive
– Establish reliable measurements
• Causal
– Determine relationships among
variables
• Predictive
– Use analysis to forecast
The Research Process
1. Define the problem.
2. Decide on type of data needed.
3. Determine how to gather data.
4. Plan collection of data/select sample.
5. Collect and analyze data.
6. Draw conclusions and report findings.
7. Make decisions in terms of research.
Sources of Data
• Primary
– Data generated by the researcher for this study
– Survey, experimental, observational research (among
the most popular methods)
– Tend to require more time and expense than
secondary data
• Secondary
– Data gathered from another source or for another
purpose
» Internal sources within the researcher’s
organization
» External sources, including governmental, trade,
commercial and internet sources
Types of Surveys
• Mail survey
– A mailed questionnaire with cover letter and
return envelope
• Personal interview
– A purposeful conversation
• Telephone interview
– An interview conducted over the telephone
• Web survey
– A questionnaire completed over the Internet
Sampling
a sample should have the same characteristics
as the population it is representing.
Sampling can be:
– with replacement: a member of the population may
be chosen more than once (picking the candy from
the bowl)
– without replacement: a member of the population
may be chosen only once (lottery ticket)
Types and Sources of Error
• Sampling Error
– Random, nondirectional
– When a sample is used instead of a census
• Nonsampling Error
– Directional bias overstating or understating
the true population parameter
– Potential sources:
» Poor sample design
» Poor measurement
» Poor instrumentation
Experimentation vs. Observation
• Experimentation – action and reaction
• Independent variable, or treatment
• Dependent variable, or measurement
• Internal validity – Did the treatment produce
the effect?
• External validity – Will the treatment produce
the effect again in other people or settings?
• Observation – watching or listening
Sampling Methods
Probability, or Scientific, Samples: Each element to be
sampled has a known (or calculable) chance of being selected.
• Simple random • Every person has an equal
chance of being selected.
Best when roster of the
population exists.
• Systematic • Randomly enter a stream of
elements and sample every
kth element. Best when
elements are randomly
ordered, no cyclic variation.
Sampling Methods
Probability, or Scientific, Samples: Each element to be
sampled has a known (or calculable) chance of being selected.
• Stratified • Randomly sample elements
from every layer, or
stratum, of the population.
Best when elements within
strata are homogeneous.
• Cluster • Randomly sample elements
within some of the strata.
Best when elements within
strata are heterogeneous.
Sampling Methods
Nonprobability Samples: Not every element has a chance to
be sampled. Selection process usually involves subjectivity.
• Convenience • Elements are sampled
because of ease and
availability.
• Quota • Elements are sampled, but
not randomly, from every
layer, or stratum, of the
population.
Sampling Methods
Nonprobability Samples: Not every element has a chance to
be sampled. Selection process usually involves subjectivity.
• Purposive • Elements are sampled
because they are atypical,
not representative of the
population.
• Judgment • Elements are sampled
because the researcher
believes the members are
representative of the
population.
Example: Types of Data
Problem 4.50
• The World of Adventures Travel
Tours (WATT) has not kept pace with
the current boom in family vacation air
travel between the agency’s northern
city and sunny Cebu. For each of the
following, indicate whether they are
primary or secondary. If secondary,
further indicate whether they are
internal or external.
Problem 4.50
• a) WATT’s research • a) Primary data
department conducts – The data were generated
a survey of past by the researcher to study
customers to this problem.
determine their level
of satisfaction with
the agency’s service
Problem 4.50, continued
• b) The Philippine • b) Secondary data
Department of – The data were not generated
Tourism sends for the purpose of examining
travel agencies the question at hand.
across the nation the
results of a study External data
describing the – The data were provided by an
characteristics of outside agency, the Philippine
summer vacationers Department of Tourism.
to the country,
including where and
how long people
intended to stay.
Problem 4.50, continued

• c) To get a better • c) Secondary data


grasp of the – The data were not generated
problem, the for the purpose of examining
president of the problem at hand.
WATT examines Internal data
the company’s – The data were produced
annual reports for from within the firm, so they
the past ten years. are internal data.
Example: Types of Studies
Problem 4.52
• For each of the report titles below,
indicate whether the study involved
was exploratory, descriptive, causal, or
predictive.
Problem 4.52
• a) “The Popularity of • a) Descriptive study
Bowling as a – This is probably a
Participant Sport in descriptive study
Batangas.” showing the number of
people who bowl in
Batangas.
• b) “The Effects of TV
Violence on Crime in • b) Causal study
Big Cities.” – This is probably a causal
study that examines the
effect of TV violence (the
cause) on crimes in big
cities (the outcomes).
Problem 4.52, continued
• c) “A Preliminary • c) Exploratory study
Investigation of – This is probably an
the Market for Pet exploratory study that points
Foods.” out relationships and
possible hypotheses for
further study.
• d) “Family • d) Predictive study
Vacationing in the – This is probably a predictive
21st Century.” study to forecast vacationing
patterns in the 21st century.
Example: Types of Errors
Problem 4.68
• Researchers at Far Eastern University
with an enrollment of 26,000 take a
census of the entire student population,
asking: “Shoplifting is not only illegal, it
raises the prices that we all have to pay.
Have you ever shoplifted from the
university bookstore?” Based on this,
discuss the possible presence of
a) sampling and b) nonsampling error.
Problem 4.68
• a) Sampling error not • a) Since the study
present includes the entire
student population,
there will be no
sampling error present.
• b) Nonsampling • b) Because the question’s
error present wording invites biased
responses, students may
be afraid to admit to
shoplifting, so there will
be nonsampling errors
present.

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