IP Address Allocation, Resolution

CIS 81 and CST 311

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Spring 2006
Obtaining an IP Address

• Static addressing
– Each individual device must be configured with an IP
address.
• Dynamic addressing
– Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
– Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
– Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
– DHCP initialization sequence
– Function of the Address Resolution Protocol
– ARP operation within a subnet

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Static IP Addressing
• You have to go to each
individual device
– Meticulous records must
be kept
– No duplicate IP addresses

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Dynamic Addressing

Current Technology
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
– Successor to BOOTP
– Allows host to obtain an IP address quickly and dynamically
– Uses a defined range of IP address

Legacy Technologies
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
– Binds MAC addresses to IP addresses
• BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
– Uses UDP to carry messages
– Uses broadcast IP datagram
– MAC address pre-matched to IP address
– Can contain additional information (default gateway)

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 DHCP

• Allows a host to obtain an IP address

using a defined range of IP
addresses on a DHCP server.
• As hosts come online, contact the
DHCP server, and request an
address.
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DHCP – Getting more than the IP Address

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From Microsoft
• Use server-side conflict detection on DHCP servers only when it is needed.
• Conflict detection can be used by either DHCP servers or clients to determine
whether an IP address is already in use on the network before leasing or using the
address.
• DHCP client computers running Windows 2000 or Windows XP that obtain an IP
address use a gratuitous ARP request to perform client-based conflict detection
before completing configuration and use of a server offered IP address. If the DHCP
client detects a conflict, it will send a DHCP decline message (DHCPDECLINE) to the
server.
• If your network includes legacy DHCP clients (clients running a version of Windows
earlier than Windows 2000), you can use server-side conflict detection provided by
the DHCP Server service under specific circumstances. For example, this feature
might be useful during failure recovery when scopes are deleted and recreated. For
more information, see DHCP Troubleshooting.
• By default, the DHCP service does not perform any conflict detection. To enable
conflict detection, increase the number of ping attempts that the DHCP service
performs for each address before leasing that address to a client. Note that for each
additional conflict detection attempt that the DHCP service performs, additional
seconds are added to the time needed to negotiate leases for DHCP clients.
• Typically, if DHCP server-side conflict detection is used, you should set the number
of conflict detection attempts made by the server to use one or two pings at most.
This provides the intended benefits of this feature without decreasing DHCP server
performance.
• For more information, see Enable address conflict detection.
• http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/library/ServerHel
p/75cd0e1f-f464-40ea-ac88-2060e6769f33.mspx

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RARP
• RARP, or Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
• Like ARP, used to map MAC address to IP addresses.
• Unlike ARP, used by devices to find their own IP address, not MAC
address.
• What kind of device would not know its own IP address?
• Dumb terminals are diskless workstations.
• Diskless workstations have no permanent storage (like a hard drive) to
store network configurations.
• Dumb terminals will know their own MAC address because it’s burned
in to the card, but they have to use RARP to find their IP.

Dumb Terminals
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RARP reply

• Only a RARP server can respond to a RARP request.

• RARP servers maintain a table of IP to MAC address mappings for
RARP clients.
• During the boot process, RARP clients call the RARP server to obtain
their IP configuration information.
• Disadvantage: RARP only returns an IP address, no subnet mask,
default gateway, DNS address, etc.

RARP Broadcast: I know

my MAC address, but RARP Server Unicast:
what is my IP address? Here is your IP address.

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BOOTP

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol)

• The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client/server
environment and only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP
information.
• Provides IP address, subnet mask, default gateway IP address and
DNS IP address.

Disadvantage:
• BOOTP is not a dynamic configuration protocol (like DHCP).
• When a client requests an IP address the BOOTP server looks up its
MAC address in a table to find the IP address.
• This binding is predetermined.
• What if the computer is moved to another subnet/network?
• Use DHCP!

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ARP

ARP enables a computer

to find the MAC address
of the computer that is
associated with an IP
address.

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ARP Operation Within a Subnet (Local)

All devices on the network

receive the packet and pass to
network layer; only one device
responds with an ARP reply.

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How ARP Sends Data to Remote
Networks

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The ARP Process

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The ARP Table

• The ARP table is stored in area of Random-Access Memory on each

host.
• Such an area of memory is often called a cache. The ARP table is
often referred to as an ARP cache.
cache
• Entries in the ARP table “age out.” They are removed from the table
after a period of inactivity.

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Aging Out

• For Microsoft Windows hosts:

– Initial mappings have a 2-minute time-to-live.
– An entry that is used twice in 2 minutes is automatically given a
10-minute time-to-live.
• For Unix/Linux hosts:
– Initial mappings have a 20 minute time-to-live.

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ARP Table Funtions

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ARP Request

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Default Gateway

A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on

the router that connects to the network segment on
which the source host is located.

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Using a default gateway

• If the destination IP address is not on the same subnet (or network), a

computer must use the services of a router.
router
• Routers are sometimes called gateways for this reason.
• Sending computer checks for a default gateway in its TCP/IP
configuration.
• If no default gateway is installed, the sending computer cannot send
the message.

198.189.232.1

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Proxy ARP

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Domain Names and IP Addresses

• Many times we communicate with other hosts using domain names

such as www.cisco.com
• Hosts and routers route packets using IP addresses, NOT domain
names.
• The host must translate the domain name to an IP address.
• The host will have the DNS Server do this translation for it.
• The Domain Name System (abbreviated DNS) is an Internet directory
service.
• DNS is how domain names are translated into IP addresses, and DNS
also controls email delivery.
• If your computer cannot access DNS, your web browser will not be
able to find web sites, and you will not be able to receive or send
email.

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Domain Names and IP Addresses

We usually use domain names,

www.cisco.com, but the IP
packets are sent using the IP
address, 198.133.219.25.
Data link destination address Data link source address Other data link fields IP Destination Address IP Source Address Other IP fields and data

198.133.219.25

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