Voltage Stability Improvement

using FACTS Devices

Prepared By: Supervised By:

Krunal Patel Prof. Shanker D. Godwal
(16MEEE23) Prof. Samyak S. Shah
 Overview
• Introduction
• Definition
• Cause of Voltage Instability
• Countermeasures for Voltage Collapse
• Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
• Simulation
• Analysis
• Future work
• References

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Introduction
Due to Increasing load, power system is suffering from highly stressed
condition and hence it makes the system to operate closer to its operating
limits. Operation of power system becomes difficult due to following
reasons:
• Increased competition in power sector
• Limited expansion of transmission network due to social and
environmental burdens
• Lack of initiatives to replace the old voltage and power flow control
mechanisms
• Imbalance in load-generation growth

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Definition
 Voltage Stability is the ability of a system to maintain voltage when
load changes/disturbance occurred.
 Voltage Collapse is the process in which voltage leads to loss of voltage
in a significant part of the system
 Voltage Security is the ability of system not only to operate stably but
also to remain stable following any contingency or adverse system
change.

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Causes of Voltage Instability
 Load Dynamics
• Load Tap Changing Transformer
• Thermostat
• Induction Motors, etc.

 Transmission System

 Generation System

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Countermeasures for Voltage Collapse
 Load Shedding

 Load Tap Changer (LTC) control modification

 Reserve capacity of generation

 Static & Switchable capacitor/reactor

 FACTS Devices

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Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
 P-V & Q-V curve
 Voltage stability Indices (VSIs)
 Modal Analysis
 Continuation Power Flow Method

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Boundary (VSB)

Power System equivalent equation, k

k
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉
  𝑘 −(2 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑇h + 2𝑄 𝑟 𝑋 𝑇h )𝑉 𝑘 −𝑉 𝑇h 𝑉 𝑘 +( 𝑃 𝑟 +𝑄 𝑟 )(𝑅 𝑇h + 𝑋 𝑇h )=0

Where,
  𝑍 𝑘𝑘 𝑍 𝑘𝐿   𝑍 𝑇h
𝑍 𝑇h = 𝐿
𝑍 𝑘 − 𝑍 𝑘𝑘 (
𝑉 𝑇h = 1+ 𝐿 𝑉 𝐾
𝑍𝑘 ) Two bus equivalent of a power system

 Equation has only two feasible solution (real & positive)

At Voltage Collapse
  𝑘𝐻 =𝑉 𝐿𝑘
𝑉

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
P-V and Q-V Curve

Why not used?

• Only one bus has to be considered at a time

• No information available about critical buses
• Convergence problem nearer to critical point
• These methods doesn’t give useful information about the causes of
voltage instability

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs)

• VSIs are function of system impedance and/or voltage and current.

• Used Online/Offline
• Required Data from : Static Analysis/Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU)
• Value nearer to 0 : Stable
• Value nearer to 1 : Unstable

Applications of VSIs:

1. Identifying the weak lines/buses

2. Placement and sizing of FACTS devices
3. Triggering the countermeasures against voltage stability

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs)
Classification of Voltage Stability Indices

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs)

Overall VSIs : Accurate but complex and

require more computation

Line & bus VSIs : Simple but less Accurate

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs)

 4 𝑍 2 𝑄
𝑟
FVSI = 2
𝑉𝑠 𝑋

2
  𝑃𝑠 𝑋
LQP = 4 ( )((
𝑋
2
𝑉𝑠 𝑉
2
𝑠
) )
+𝑄 𝑟

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs)

V
m 1
'
m

m i
VCPI = 1 
Vi

Yim
Vm'  N
Vm
Y
j 1
ij

j i

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 Methods of Voltage Stability Analysis
Modal Analysis

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Simulation
IEEE 14-Bus
System
In
NEPLAN

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Analysis
Load Flow Results (Base Condition)
Bus No. V v v angle P Load Q Load P Gen Q Gen
KV p.u. MW Mvar MW Mvar
BUS_01 69.0 73.14 1.06 0 0 14.892 232.596 0
BUS_02 69.0 72.105 1.045 -5 21.7 12.7 40 49.114
BUS_03 69.0 69.69 1.01 -12.8 94.2 19 0 27.552
BUS_04 69.0 69.806 1.0117 -10.2 47.8 3.9 0 0
BUS_05 69.0 70.092 1.0158 -8.7 7.6 1.6 0 0
BUS_06 13.8 14.766 1.07 -14.4 11.2 7.5 0 22.957
BUS_07 13.8 14.46 1.0478 -13.2 0 0 0 0
BUS_08 18.0 19.561 1.0867 -13.2 0 0 0 24
BUS_09 13.8 14.238 1.0317 -14.8 29.5 16.6 0 0
BUS_10 13.8 14.227 1.0309 -15 9 5.8 0 0
BUS_11 13.8 14.444 1.0466 -14.8 3.5 1.8 0 0
BUS_12 13.8 14.536 1.0534 -15.3 6.1 1.6 0 0
BUS_13 13.8 14.446 1.0468 -15.3 13.5 5.8 0 0
BUS_14 13.8 14.077 1.02 -16.1 14.9 5 0 0 17
 Analysis
Voltage Stability Boundary (VSB)

Bus No 14 13 12 11 10 9
Min. & Max. distance towards Voltage
Collapse (MVA, p.u.) Min_Dis_VC 0.531767 0.680378 0.589993 0.731779 0.756771 0.83247
Considering Q Gen. limits (At Base Load) Max_Dis_VC 0.833 1.034 0.847 1.062 1.163 1.422
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 Analysis
Case 1 : At bus 14 Q=0.6 pu
VSIs
 FVSI & LQP  VCPI

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 Analysis
Case 1 : At bus 14 Q=0.6 pu
Modal Analysis
 V-Q Sensitivities (Self)  V-Q Sensitivities (Mutual of bus 14 )

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 Analysis
Case 1 : At bus 14 Q=0.6 pu
Modal Analysis
 Eigen Values  Bus participation factor for Min.
Eigenvalue (0.279)

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 Analysis
Case 1 : At bus 14 Q=0.6 pu
VSB
 Distance from VSB of bus 14

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 Analysis
Case 1 : At bus 14 Q=0.6 pu (FACTS) STATCOM : Ic = 2050 A

VSIs
 FVSI  VCPI

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 Analysis
Case 2 : Loading parameters = 1.5
VSB
 VSB of bus 14 with & without FACTS

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Future Work
 Finding the most suitable FACTS device by comparing the effect of
several FACTS devices.
 Response of FACTS device in dynamic simulation of IEEE 14 bus

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References
1. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, 1994.
2. P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose, C. Canizares, N. Hatziargyriou, D. Hill, A.
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different loadings,” 2012 IEEE Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. PEOCO 2012 - Conf. Proc., no. June, pp. 543–
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Analysis,” Trans. Power Syst., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 416–423, 1992.

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References
1. P. Prabhakar and A. Kumar, “Voltage stability boundary and margin enhancement with FACTS and HVDC,"
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 82, pp. 429-438, 2016.
2. M. Haque, “A fast method for determining the voltage stability limit of a power system," Electric Power
Systems Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 35-43, 1995.
3. I. Musirin and T. K. A. Rahman, “Novel fast voltage stability index (fvsi) for voltage stability analysis in
power transmission system," in Student Conference on Research and Development, 2002, pp. 265-268.
4. V. Balamourougan, T. Sidhu, and M. Sachdev, “Technique for online prediction of voltage collapse," IEE
Proc Gener Transm Distrib, vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 453-460, 2004.
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85, 1998.

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Thank You

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