Edited by: Eng.

Javier Daza

Source: https://www.google.com.co/search?q=10+technology+trends+for+2018+by+gartner&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-usbDhZLZAhVHzlkKHbWxDf4Q_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=779#imgrc=3gVAad-KLp5ueM://
 Layering in Networked
computing
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
• Protocols at each layer
 Learning outcomes
• Understand the need of layering in Networked
computing
• Understand the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
– Understand the function protocols and their
role at each layer.
• TCP protocol
• UDP protocol
• Understand the role of header in communication
between layers
• Understand how data sent from one host arrive to the
target host.
 What is layering in
Networked computing?

Breaks down communication

into smaller, simpler parts.
 Why a layered model?
Easier to teach communication process.
Speeds development, changes in one layer
does not affect how the other levels works.
Standardization across manufactures.
Allows different hardware and software to
work together.
Reduces complexity
 The OSI Model
• OSI “ Open Systems Interconnection".
• OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
– Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one
computer to another.
– Not HOW it should be done.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for
transmittal (to be transmitted)
• In the OSI model, The specification needed
– are contained in 7 different layers that interact with each
other.
 What is “THE MODEL?”
• Commonly referred to as the OSI reference model.

• The OSI model

– is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how data
gets from one user’s computer to another.

– It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all of

our hardware and software talks nicely to each other.

– It aids standardization of networking technologies by

providing an organized structure for hardware and software
developers to follow, to insure there products are
compatible with current and future technologies.
 7 Layer OSI Model
• Why use a reference model?
– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow
communication between computers.
– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers.

• Other reference models are in use.

– Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
– We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models

• As computing requirements increased, the network modeling had

to evolve to meet ever increasing demands of larger networks
and multiple venders.

• Problems and technology advances also added to the demands

for changes in network modeling.
 Evolution of the 7-Layers
• Single Layer Model - First Communication Between Computer Devices
– Dedicated copper wire or radio link
– Hardware & software inextricably intertwined
– Single specification for all aspects of communication

Hardware Hardware
& &
Software Software

DEVICE A DEVICE B1
www.howtheosimodelworks.com
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (1)
Application Application

Technical Technical
Standards Standards

• Two Layer Model

– Problem: Applications were being developed to run over ever-increasing
number of media/signaling systems.
– Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and
routing) aspects
– Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file
transfer

www.howtheosimodelworks.com 1
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (3)

Application Application

Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

 Four Layer Model - Network connectivity inherently requires travel ov

intermediate devices (nodes)
 Technical Standards Level divided into Network, Data-link and Physic
Layers
1

www.howtheosimodelworks.com
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (3) cont.

• Physical Layer
– Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc
– Specifies interconnect topologies and devices
• Network Layer
– Defines a standard method for operating between nodes
– Address scheme is defined (IP)
– Accounts for varying topologies
• Data-Link
– Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into
hardware addresses (MAC) for transmission
– Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (4)
Application Application

Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Five Layer Model – Increase Quality of Service (QOS)
• Variable levels of data integrity in network
• Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst
conditions 1

• Became the Transport Layer

www.howtheosimodelworks.com
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (5)
Application Application

Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

 Six Layer Model - Dialogue Control and Dialogue Separation

– Means of synchronizing transfer of data packets
– Allows for checkpointing to see if data arrives (at nodes and end
stations) 1
– Became Session Layer
www.howtheosimodelworks.com
 Evolution of the 7-Layers (6)
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

 The Seven Layer OSI Model - Addition of Management and Security

– Standardizing notation or syntax for application messages (abstract
syntax)
– Set of encoding rules (transfer syntax) 1
– Became the Presentation Layer

www.howtheosimodelworks.com
What Each Layer Does
Application Layer

• Gives end-user
applications access to
network resources

• Where is it on my
computer?
– Workstation or Server
Service in MS 3

Windows
Presentation Layer

3
Session Layer
• Allows applications to
maintain an ongoing
session

• Where is it on my
computer?
– Workstation and
Server Service (MS)
– Windows Client for 3

NetWare (NetWare)
Transport Layer
• Provides reliable data
delivery
• It’s the TCP in TCP/IP

• Receives info from upper

layers and segments it
into packets

• Can provide error

3
detection and correction
Figure 2.9 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for

the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
Network Layer
• Provides network-wide
addressing and a
mechanism to move
packets between networks
(routing)

• Responsibilities:
– Network addressing
– Routing

3
• Example:
– IP from TCP/IP
Network layer

The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
 Network Addresses
• Network-wide addresses
• Used to transfer data across subnets
• Used by routers for packet forwarding
• Example:
– IP Address
• Where is it on my computer?
– TCP/IP Software
Data Link Layer

• Places data and

retrieves it from the
physical layer and
provides error
detection capabilities

3
Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for

moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
Sub-layers of the Data Link Layer
• MAC (Media Access Control)
– Gives data to the NIC
– Controls access to the media through:
• CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detection
• Token passing
• LLC (Logical Link Layer)
– Manages the data link interface (or Service Access
Points (SAPs))
– Can detect some transmission errors using a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). If the packet is bad the LLC
will request the sender to resend that particular packet.
Physical Layer

• Determines the specs for

all physical components
– Cabling
– Interconnect methods
(topology / devices)
– Data encoding (bits to waves)
– Electrical properties
• Examples:
– Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
– Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
3
– Wireless (IEEE 802.11b)
Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible

for the movement of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next.
Physical Layer (cont’d)
• What are the Physical Layer components on my
computer?
• NIC
– Network Interface Card
– Has a unique 12 character Hexadecimal number
permanently burned into it at the manufacturer.
– The number is the MAC Address/Physical address of a
computer
• Cabling
– Twister Pair
– Fiber Optic
– Coax Cable
 How Does It All Work Together
• Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit
(PDU)
– PDU’s are used for peer-to-peer contact
between corresponding layers.

– Data is handled by the top three layers, then

Segmented by the Transport layer.

– The Network layer places it into packets

and the Data Link frames the packets for
transmission.

– Physical layer converts it to bits and sends

it out over the media.
2
– The receiving computer reverses the
process using the information contained in
the PDU.
How Does It All Work Together
Figure 2.2 OSI layers
Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP
• At each layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack
• Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the
layer underneath
• PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information
attached to a packet at a particular TCP/IP protocol
• e.g. header and trailer
• Header
• PDU’s own particular opening component
• Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended
recipient
• Trailer (or packet trailer)
– Provides data integrity checks for the payload
Encapsulation example: E-mail
Encapsulation
Figure 2.3 An exchange using the OSI model
Figure 2.14 Summary of layers
 The Postal Analogy
How would the OSI compare to the regular Post Office
Application • A- Write a 20 page letter to a foreign country.

Presentation • P- Translate the letter so the receiver can read it.

Session • S- Insure the intended recipient can receive letter.

• T- Separate and number pages. Like registered mail,

Transport tracks delivery and requests another package if one is
“lost” or “damaged” in the mail.
Network • N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route
them closer to destination.
• D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to
Data-Link deliver letters.
• P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which
Physical carry letter between stations.
Remembering the 7 Layers

7 - Application All
6 - Presentation People
5 - Session Seem
4 - Transport To
3 - Network Need
2 - Data Link Data
1 - Physical Processing
 TCP/IP model development
• The late-60s The Defense Advance Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various
defense department computer networks.
• The Internet, an International Wide Area
Network, uses TCP/IP to connect networks
across the world.
 4 layers of the TCP/IP model

• Layer 4: Application
• Layer 3: Transport
• Layer 2: Internet
• Layer 1: Network access

It is important to note that some of the layers in the

TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the
OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
 The network access layer
• Concerned with all of the issues that an IP
packet requires to actually make the physical
link. All the details in the OSI physical and data
link layers.
– Electrical, mechanical, procedural and
functional specifications.
– Data rate, Distances, Physical connector.
– Frames, physical addressing.
– Synchronization, flow control, error control.
 The internet layer
• Send source packets from any network on the
internetwork and have them arrive at the
destination independent of the path and
networks they took to get there.
– Packets, Logical addressing.
– Internet Protocol (IP).
– Route , routing table, routing protocol.
 The transport layer
• The transport layer deals with the quality-of-
service issues of reliability, flow control, and
error correction.
– Segments, data stream, datagram.
– Connection oriented and connectionless.
– Transmission control protocol (TCP).
– User datagram protocol (UDP).
– End-to-end flow control.
– Error detection and recovery.
 TCP/IP Reference Model (cont)
• 3. Transport layer (layer 3)
– Allows end-to-end communication
– Connection establishment, error control,
flow control
– Two main protocols at this level
• Transmission control protocol (TCP),
– Connection oriented
» Connection established before sending data
» Reliable
• user datagram protocol (UDP)
– Connectionless
» Sending data without establishing connection
» Fast but unreliable
 The application layer
• Handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control. 
• The TCP/IP combines all application-related
issues into one layer, and assures this data is
properly packaged for the next layer.
– FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ...
– Format of data, data structure, encode …
– Dialog control, session management …
TCP/IP protocol stack
 TCP/IP Reference Model

Layer Protocols
Application HTTP TELNET FTP SMTP SNMP

Transport TCP UDP

Internet IP ICMP

Network Access
ETHERNET PACKET RADIO
(Host-to-network)
 Protocols at the application layer
• HTTP:
– browser and web server communicating
• FTP :
– file transfer protocol
• TELNET:
– remote login protocol
• POP3: Retrieve email
– POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the
user has downloaded it

• IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol )

– Retrieve emails,
– retaining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders
on the serve
Protocols at the transport layer
• Transmission control protocol (TCP),
– Connection oriented
» Connection established before sending
data
» Reliable
• user datagram protocol (UDP)
– Connectionless
» Sending data without establishing
connection
» Fast but unreliable
 Protocol at the network layer
• IP
– Path selection ,
– routing and addressing
• ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol )
– sends error messages relying on IP
• a requested service is not available
• a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the link layer
• Ethernet
– Uses CSMA/CD
• Token Ring
 Data Formats
application Application data message
layer

transport TCP TCP TCP

segment
layer header data header data header data

network IP TCP
data packet
layer header header

data link Ethernet IP TCP Ethernet

layer header header header data trailer frame
Packet Encapsulation (TCP/IP)
 The data is sent down the protocol stack
 Each layer adds to the data by prepending
headers

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes
 Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

7th
Application Layer

6th
Presentation Layer Application
Layer
5th
Session Layer

4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer

3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer

2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card

Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application
 How the OSI and TCP/IP Models Relate in a Networking Environment
OSI
OSI Model Equipment Words to TCP/IP
Model Pneumonic Equipment Data Protocols
Name Purpose Remember Model
Layer
Redirector,
Layer 7 Application All FTP, Te lnet, Browsers Application

Re gular Computer SMTP,

or A Special SNMP, Common Data
Layer 6 Presentation Pe ople Compute r Data Netware Application
Gateway. Used to Format
combine ne tworks Core
using differe nt NFS, SQL, Dialogue s and
Layer 5 Session Seem communication Application
RPC, X-Win Conve rsations
protocols
Quality of
TCP and
Layer 4 Transport To Compute r Se gment Service , and Transport
UDP
Reliability
Segment Network Routable Path
into Smalle r Protocols. Selection,
Layer 3 Network Ne ed Router Packet Internet
Broadcast (IP, IPX, Routing, and
Domains AppleTalk) Addressing

Bridge (2 NDIS, ODI, Frames and

Data Link Segment Network
Ports) or MAC Media Access Network
Layer 2 -MAC Data into Smalle r Frame
Switch and Address, Control Acce ss
-LLC Collision Domains
NIC Ether Talk (MAC)

Repeater,
One Collision
Hub (Multi- Signals and Network
Layer 1 Physical Proce ssing AND One Bit Physical
port), Media Acce ss
Broadcast Domain
Cabling
 Internet applications
• TCP/IP takes care of the hard problems
– Location of the destination host
– Making sure the data is received in the correct
order and error free

• Coding Internet applications

– Turns out to be straightforward.

• The key concept of Internet programming

is
– The client-server model
 Client-Server model
• Client and server processes operate on machines which are able to
communicate through a network:
– The Server waits for requests from client
– When a request is received
– The server lookup for the requested data
– And send a response the client

• Sockets and ports

– A socket is and end-point of way communication link between two
programs
– A port number bound to a socket specifies the protocol need the be used at
the receiving end

• Example of servers
– File servers
– Web servers
• Example of client applications
– Browsers
– Email clients
 What is a socket?
• An interface between application and
network.
– Create a socket
• Socket(Protocol family, type-of-communication, specific- protocol);

– The application creates a socket

– The socket type dictates the style of
communication
• reliable vs. best effort
• connection-oriented vs. connectionless
 Port 0

Ports Port 1

Port 65535

 Each host has 65,536 ports

 20,21: FTP
 23: Telnet
 80: HTTP
 A socket provides an interface to send
data to/from the network through a port
 Protocols
• For a great graphic of protocol stacks in
relationship to the OSI model, visit http://
www.lex-con.com/osimodel.htm

• For more information on the OSI model,

including an animated graphic and various
protocol information, visit
http://www.certyourself.com/OSIguide.shtml
 Reading
1 http://www.howtheosimodelworks.com , Charles C. Botsford, 2001.

2 https://cisconetacad.net, Cisco Academy Connection Editors, 2002.

3 http://www.hawkclan.com/zxonly/iso/slide2.html

4 http://www.pku.edu.cn/academic/research/computer-center/tc/html/TC010
2.html
, William L. Whipple &
Sharla Riead, 1997.

5 http://www.lex-con.com/protocols/ip.htm, Lexicon Computing, Dallas TX,

2002
Sources of Statistical Information
URLs are underneath!
• Netsizer.com – from Telcordia
• CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data
Analysis
• Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey
• RIPE Internet Statistics
• Matrix Information and Directory Services
• Growth of the World Wide Web
• The Netcraft Web Server Survey
• Internet Surveys
• The Internet Society
Comments & Questions

Thank you!