CHAPTER 6:
WAVES & ENERGY
PART 1
EMT238 – ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Contents
Introduction – Unbounded EM waves
Time-harmonic fields
Plane-wave propagation in lossless media
Wave polarization
Plane-wave propagation on lossy media
Current flow in good conductor
Electromagnetic power density
Introduction – unbounded EM wave
Time varying electric field produce magnetic
field and vice versa results in EM waves
propagating through free space and material
media.
Wave propagate through homogenous
medium without interacting with obstacle or
material interface unbounded (e.g. light
wave by sun & radio transmission by
antenna)
Wave may propagate in both lossless (air and
perfect dielectrics) and lossy (nonzero
conductivity such as water) media.
Wave produced by localized source expend
outwardly in form of spherical wave.
For observer very far away spherical wave
appear approx uniform plane wave.
Introduction – guided EM wave
When wave propagates along a
material structure guided.
Earth’s surface and ionosphere
constitute parallel boundaries
guiding shortwave radio
transmission.
In transmission line circuit
associate with voltage difference
between inner and outer
conductor radial E exist in
dielectric material between
conductors & current flowing
through inner conductor induces
azimuthal H coupled field
produced EM wave
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Waves – mean of transporting energy or information.
Waves – function of both space and time.
EM waves: radio waves, Should assume in time
TV signal, radar beams, harmonic.
light rays, etc. Time-harmonic field –
EM wave motion in: varies periodically or
sinusoidally with time.
Free space ()
Lossless dielectrics ()
Easily express in phasor.
Lossy dielectrics ()
Good conductors () (rectangular) (polar
form)
Waves in General
Scalar
wave equation:
: wave velocity
Assume harmonic (or sinusoidal) time dependence
By using separation of variables method and assume
E: phasor
travel in z-plane:
form
Positive z-travel:
Negative z-travel:
Summation:
A & B = constant
Characteristic of Wave
Consider
Characteristic of the wave:
It is time harmonic – time dependence of .
Amplitude of wave A has the same unit as E.
The phase (in radians) of the wave – depend on time, t and space variable, z.
The angular frequency, in rad/s while phase constant or wavenumber, in rad/m.
E varies with time, t and space variable z plot E as function of t or z.
Wave takes distance to repeat itself wavelength
Wave takes time T to repeat itself period
where 𝐴
and
or
− 𝐴 𝜆
or
Waves in General
A
wave is a function of both time
and space.
Though time is arbitrary
selected as reference – wave is
without beginning or end.
Sign associate with wave
propagation: (-) for wave
propagating in +z direction
while (+) for –z direction.
Since whereas
Time-Harmonic Fields
Time-varying
electric and magnetic fields (E, D, B and H)
and their source ( and J) depend on spatial coordinates
(x,y,z) and time variable .
If time variation is sinusoidal with angular frequency
represented by phasor.
Maxwell’s equations: Maxwell’s equations in phasor
Maxwell’s equations in phasor
domain:
Complex Permittivity
a medium with conductivity .
In
Assuming no other current flows in the medium:
Complex permittivity,
Taking divergence of both sides . By comparing to . Maxwell’s
equation become:
with
In lossless medium,
Wave Equation
Derive
wave equation for and to obtain expression of and as a function
of spatial variables (x,y,z).
Taking curl of both sides:
Curl of the curl of :
Where is the Laplacian of :
Since which is known as homogeneous wave equation for .
Propagation constant,
Wave equation for :
Wave equation for :
Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
The
properties of an EM wave depend on .
If the medium is nonconducting () wave does not suffer
any attenuation as it travels lossless.
In lossless medium, and .
Wavenumber,
Uniform Plane Waves
Electric
field phasor defined in Cartesian coordinates:
Substitute :
Each vector component on left-hand side must vanish:
similar expression apply to and .
A uniform plane wave is characterized by electric and magnetic fields
that have uniform properties at all points across an infinite plane.
If this happen to be the x-y plane, then E and H do not vary with x or y:
Uniform Plane Waves
If
this happen to be the x-y plane, then E and H do not vary with x or y:
Similar expression apply to , and . The remaining components of and
are zero: . To prove, consider in z component:
Since . similar result is obtain for .
Plane wave has no electric field and magnetic-field components along
its direction of propagation.
Uniform Plane Waves
General form of phasor quantity : Amplitude wave traveling in -z direction
Amplitude wave traveling in +z direction
Assume only has component along x and associated with wave
traveling in +z direction:
To find magnetic field : Resulted in:
Electric and magnetic fields of a
plane wave are perpendicular:
Intrinsic impedance of a lossless
medium:
Uniform Plane Waves
In
general case (in cylindrical and
Phase
velocity of wave:
spherical coordinates)
Wavelength:
The instantaneous electric and
magnetic fields: In vacuum and
Where c is velocity of light
Where is intrinsic impedance of free
space.
E(z,t) and H(z,t) exhibit the same
functional dependence on z and t
in phase.
Example 4
The electric field of a 1 MHz plane wave travelling in
the +z direction in air points along the x direction. If
this field reaches a peak value of 1.2 (mV/m) at t=0
and z=50 m,
1. Obtain expression for E(z,t) and H(z,t)
2. Plot them as a function of z at t=0.
Example 4 – solution
Example 4 – solution
General relation between E & H
For any uniform plane traveling in
an arbitrary direction denoted by :
Apply right-hand rule: rotate 4
fingers from direction of E toward
H, the thumb points in the
direction of wave travel .
Above relations are valid for both
lossless and lossy media.
Wave decomposition
Uniform
plane wave traveling in +z
direction may have both x & y
component:
Associated magnetic field is:
Using general formula:
By comparing:
General formula:
The wave maybe considered the sum of
two waves, one with electric and
magnetic components.
