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    Weatheri NG: University of Zakho College of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Deparment

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    Lulav Barwary
    The document summarizes different types of weathering including physical, chemical, and biological weathering. It describes factors that control weathering rates and types such as lithology, temperature, and relief. The key types of physical weathering are frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, exfoliation, and abrasion by wind and water. Chemical weathering includes carbonation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Biological weathering involves processes like plant root growth and microbial activity.

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    Weatheri NG: University of Zakho College of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Deparment

    Uploaded by

    Lulav Barwary
    16 views33 pages
    The document summarizes different types of weathering including physical, chemical, and biological weathering. It describes factors that control weathering rates and types such as lithology, temperature, and relief. The key types of physical weathering are frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, exfoliation, and abrasion by wind and water. Chemical weathering includes carbonation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Biological weathering involves processes like plant root growth and microbial activity.

    Original Title

    dr.ramazan (weathering)

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    The document summarizes different types of weathering including physical, chemical, and biological weathering. It describes factors that control weathering rates and types such as lithology, temperature, and relief. The key types of physical weathering are frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, exfoliation, and abrasion by wind and water. Chemical weathering includes carbonation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Biological weathering involves processes like plant root growth and microbial activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views33 pages

    Weatheri NG: University of Zakho College of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Deparment

    Uploaded by

    Lulav Barwary
    The document summarizes different types of weathering including physical, chemical, and biological weathering. It describes factors that control weathering rates and types such as lithology, temperature, and relief. The key types of physical weathering are frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, exfoliation, and abrasion by wind and water. Chemical weathering includes carbonation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Biological weathering involves processes like plant root growth and microbial activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    University of Zakho

    College of Engineering
    Petroleum Engineering
    Deparment

    Weatheri
    ng
    supervised :Dr.Ramazan

    Prepared by
    Halat hamza
    Media hassan
    Soma khalid
    Lulav saeed
    List of content
    1. Introduction
    2. Factors Controlling the rate and type of weathering
    3. Types of weathering
    4. What changes accompany rock weathering?
    5. Conclusion
    Weathering
    Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil and
    minerals as well as artificial materials through contact
    with the Earth's atmosphere, biota and waters.

    Why do rocks weather?


    Most rocks (and minerals) form at high temperatures
    and pressures and are therefore at equilibrium with
    the high T & P environments When rocks are exposed
    to Earth's surface, their equilibrium is disturbed, and
    their minerals react and experience transformation so
    as to adjust to low temperature, pressure and water
    conditions.
    Weathering
    Factors Controlling the rate and
    type of weathering
    1. Lithology (Rock Type)
    2. Rock Structure
    3. Temperature Factors
    4. Rainfall
    5. Relief
    6. Influence of Man
    7. Time
    Types of weathering

    Chemical weathering
    Physical
    Physical weathering, or
    weathering
    disintegration, involves
    physically breaking
    rocks into fragments
    without changing the
    chemical make-up of the
    minerals within them.
    Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering

    These are actions or things that break down


    Earth materials
    1. Frost wedging
    2. Thermal expansion and contraction
    3. Mechanical exfoliation
    4. Abrasion by wind, water or gravity
    5. Plant growth
    Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering

    Frost Wedging
    1-Frost Wedging -cracking of rock
    mass by the expansion of water as it
    freezes in crevices and cracks.
    Frost Wedging (in soil)

    Ice crystals
    Thermal
    expansion
    and
    contraction
    2-Thermal expansion and
    contraction –
    repeated heating and
    cooling of materials cause
    rigid substances to crack
    and separate.
    Exfoliation
    3- Exfoliation – As underlying rock
    layers are exposed, there is less
    pressure on them and they expand.
    This causes the rigid layers to crack
    and sections to slide off (similar to
    peeling of outer skin layers after a
    sunburn). The expanding layers often
    form a dome.
    Dome Exfoliation
    Wind Abrasion

    Abrasion
    4-Abrasion – Moving
    sediments or rock sections can
    break off pieces from a rock
    surface they strike. The
    sediments can be moved by
    wind or water and the large
    rock sections by gravity.
    Wind and Water Abrasion
    Plant Growth
    5-Plant Growth – As plants
    such as trees send out
    root systems, the fine
    roots find their way into
    cracks in the rocks. As
    the roots increase in size,
    they force the rock
    sections apart, increasing
    the separation and
    weathering.
    Chemical
    weathering
    Chemical weathering, or
    decomposition, takes place
    when at least some of the
    rock’s minerals are
    changed into different
    substances.
    The three main types of chemical weathering.

    1. Carbonation
    2. Hydrolysis
    3. Oxidation
    The three main types of chemical weathering

    Carbonation Hydrolysis Oxidation

    1. Carbonation occurs 2. Hydrolysis occurs 3. Oxidation occurs when


    when carbonic acid when hydrogen in oxygen reacts with minerals
    (H2CO3) dissolves water dissolves in rocks.
    minerals in rocks. minerals in rocks For example (Oxidation
    For example (Carbonation For example (Hydrolysis transforms rocks with iron
    occurs when acid rain transforms feldspar (in (like basalt and gabbro) into
    (carbonic acid) dissolves granite), to produce hematite (rust)).
    limestone bedrock to clay sediments.)
    produce caves.)
    Chemical Weathering
    Oxidation of Mafic/Basaltic Rocks
    To produce the mineral Hematite

    Weathering of Granite to
    Produce clay sediments

    Carbonic Acid dissolves limestone


    To produce caverns
    Biological
    weathering
    Biological weathering also means organic
    weathering. It is the disintegration of rocks as a
    result of the action by living organisms. Plant and
    animals have a significant effect on the rocks as
    they penetrate or burrow into the soil respectively.
    Biological weathering can work hand in hand with
    physical weathering by weakening rock or
    exposing it to the forces of physical or chemical
    weathering.
    Here are the four main types of biological weathering

    1. Growing Plant Roots


    2. Microbial Activity
    3. Burrowing Animals
    4. Human Activities
    Growing Plant
    Roots 1. Growing Plant Roots is common to see some
    roots growing within the face of a rock. Well, such
    plant activity contributes to biological weathering.
    The roots of plants and trees penetrate into the soil
    in search of nutrients and water. As the roots
    penetrate the soil, they go through cracks or joints
    in the rocks and as they grow they progressively
    crack the rock apart. Bigger growing roots can
    also exert pressure on the adjacent rocks. Some
    plant roots also emit organic acids that aid to
    dissolve the rock’s minerals.
    Growing Plant Roots
    Microbial 2- Microbial Activity Some plant microbial
    Activity activity releases organic acidic compounds.
    These compounds can break down iron and
    aluminum minerals in the rocks. Microscopic
    organisms like algae, moss, lichens and
    bacteria are such kind of plants. They grow on
    the surface of the rocks and produce organic
    chemicals that are capable of breaking down
    the outer layer of the rock by altering the
    rock’s chemical composition.
    Microbial Activity
    Burrowing
    Animals
    3. Burrowing Animals such as moles, squirrels
    and rabbits can speed up the development of
    fissures. Many animals such as the Piddock
    shells drill into rocks for protection either by
    releasing acids to dissolve the rocks or
    fragment away the rock grains. These animal
    activities can create fissures in the rocks and
    also eats away the rock’s minerals.
    Burrowing Animals
    Human
    activities 4. Human activities equally dig, crash,
    and widen the cracks and wind up
    fragmenting the rocks apart. These
    activities include mining, road
    construction, and housing developments.
    Human activities
    What changes accompany rock
    weathering?

    Colour - from rock colour to grey, red or yellow hues due to oxidation of
    iron (Fe2+ to Fe3+)
    Density - removal (decrease) or addition (increases) of material; collapse
    (decrease) or dilation (increase) of original material
    Composition- mineralogical and chemical change towards more stable
    forms - solubility of elements, mineral susceptibility and secondary
    mineral types
    Fabric or texture - change from rock fabric to soil fabric (development
    of new structures)
    Conclusion
    • In conclusion, the effects of weathering occur naturally but are
    sometimes sped up by human processes.
    • Weathering is the cause of many of the land forms that you see
    around you every day.
    • Weathering depends on the original mineral compositions, their
    resistances to weathering, the amount of water present, the
    temperature and the oxidation or reducing conditions.
    • Understanding these phenomenon can help us better understand the
    world around us and how it was made, and how it will continue to be
    shaped by these processes.

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