31277:

Routing and Switching Essentials

JingSong Xu Ph.D
Multimedia Data Analytics Lab
Global Big Data Technologies Centre
School of Electrical and Data Engineering
[email protected]

UTS CRICOS PROVIDER CODE: 00099F

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Subject Information
• Subject coordinator: 
o Dr Jingsong Xu ([email protected]) CB11.06.303 02-9514-3859
• Requisite(s): 31270 Networking Essentials OR 41092 Network Fundamentals
• Learning Material: CCNA version 7
o Introduction to Networks (ITN)
o Switching, Routing, and Wireless Essentials (SRWE)
o Enterprise Networking, Security, and Automation (ENSA)
• CISCO Netacad using format similar to [email protected],
check your UTS Email Inbox to make sure, not student_id@.....
• Activate your CISCO Netacad account. Under “Home/I am Learning”, you should
be able to see three courses 31277-1 (ITN), 31277-2 (SRWE) and 31277-3
(ENSA).

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Subject Information
• Check Subject Outline -> Assessment
o Written Exam (40%) – Open Book, Online
o Skills Based Assessment (SBA 45%):
• Individual Packet Tracer modelling and troubleshooting (20%) – lecture time, Closed Book
• Group Implementation (20%) – in labs, Open Book (individually 80% and group 20% assessed)
o Online Quizzes (15%): week 4 VLSM (5%) and week 10 (10%) lecture time – Closed Book
o Test at lecture time, you need to Bring Your Own Laptop!!!
• 6 labs:
o Lab 01: 18:00 – 20:00 Wednesday; Nikhil Thakur ([email protected])
o Lab 02: 16:00 – 18:00 Thursday; Nathan Lin ([email protected])
o Lab 03: 14:00 – 16:00 Thursday; Yingying Yang ([email protected])
o Lab 04: 16:00 – 18:00 Wednesday; Manpreet Kaur ([email protected])
o Lab 05: 16:00 – 18:00 Tuesday; Nathan Lin ([email protected])
o Lab 03: 14:00 – 16:00 Wednesday; Mahmoud Gamal Ahmed Bekhit
([email protected])

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Subject Information
• 1 hour lecture:
o key theoretical part, quiz and skill assessment
o Pickup a few slides from the one uploaded in UTSOnline
o Please come the lecture every week
• 2 hours tutorial and labs:
o Most of are group hands-on task
o The Packet Tracer solution will be uploaded on UTSOnline
o Your tutors are there for help!!! Do ask questions!
• Self-study: 6+ hours
o CISCO Netacad: learning material, exams, etc.
o Focus Questions in UTSOnline each week folder
o Discussion Forum on UTSOnline
o Email your tutor/subject coordinator

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What you will learn in this subject
• What you have known
o 31270 Networking Essentials OR 41092 Network Fundamentals
o OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP model…
 What you will learn
• How the theory applied in real world?
o What we face in everyday life: laptop, PC, wireless router
o If IP address is manual input, why these numbers? If not, who decide? How?
o CISCO? What they do? Why get certificate?
• Intermedia media: Switch and Router
o Why need them? Who will touch them? How to use and configure?
• Build network infrastructure services
o DHCP, ACL, NAT, Wireless LAN (WLAN)

 Why is important
• Following subject: cloud computing, network servers, Unix system administration, etc
• Non-IT students? Home Network (ADSL, NBN, how to configure your home wireless Router)
• General Technician: IP, subnet, DHCP, NAT, ACL, etc.

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Week 1
Module 11: IPv4 Addressing

Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
Configuring the IP Address

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Binary and Decimal Conversion
 IPv4 Addresses
• consists of a string of 32 bits, divided into four
sections called octets.
• Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte)
separated with a dot.
 Conversion between Binary to Decimal
• Use the chart to help with conversion

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Binary and Decimal Conversion

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Binary and Decimal Conversion

171 ： 1010 1011

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Address Structure
 Network and Host Portions
 The Subnet Mask
 Logical AND
• 1 AND 1 = 1; 0 AND 1 = 0; 1 AND 0 = 0; 0 AND 0 = 0
• What is the network address for graphics?
192.168.10.0
 Prefix Length
• What is the prefix length for the graphics? 24 (/24)
 Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
• Network Address? 192.168.10.0
• Range of Valid Hosts? 2^8-1-1=254
• Broadcast Address? 192.168.10.255
• First host address: 192.168.10.1
• Last host address:192.168.10.254
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Some Common Subnet Mask

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Address Structure
 192.168.10.10/24
 Network address:
• Logical AND: 192.168.10.0
 Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0,
• Broadcast Address? Host potion is all ‘1’: 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
o 192.168.10.1111 1111: 192.168.10.255

• Network Address ： Host potion is all ‘0’

o 192.168.10.0000 0000: 192.168.10.0

• Range of Valid Hosts? 2^8-1-1=254

• First host address: 192.168.10.1 = network address + 1
• Last host address:192.168.10.254 = broadcast address - 1

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Practice
 Given the IP Address of 202.22.22.171 and a subnet mask of 27 bits, find
the network address, the number of host addresses and the subnet mask.

• /27 = 1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1110 0000

• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 (128+64+32)
• Logical AND: 202.22.22.171 & 255.255.255.224 to get network address
171 & 224 = 1010 1011 & 1110 0000 = 1010 0000 = 160
Or simply put the last 32-27=5 bits to zero: 202.22.22. 1010 1011 (1010 0000)

Solution:
• network address: 202.22.22.160
• in total /27 = 2^(32-27) = 2^5=32 address, 32-1-1=30 host address
• subnet mask: 255.255.255.224

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
 IPv4 Addressing Assignment to a Host
• Static – Type in manually
• Dynamic - Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
 IPv4 Communication
• Unicast - send packets from one host to an
individual host
• Broadcast - send packets from one host to
all the hosts in the network
• Multicast - send a packet from one host to a
selected group of hosts in the same or
different network: 224.0.0.0 ~
239.255.255.255

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• Private addresses are not routed over the Internet
• Private Addresses:
o 10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
o 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

 Special Use IPv4 Addresses

• Loopback addresses: software, virtual, keep interface alive
o 127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254

• Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

addresses, P2P
o 169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

• TEST-NET addresses: teaching/learning, documentation, etc.

o 192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
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IPv4 Network Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
 Classful and Classless Addressing
• Classful: legacy, allocated IPv4 addresses based on prefix length
• Class A: 0 - 127 with a mask of 255.0.0.0 (/8) ： 0.0.0.0 ~
127.255.255.255
• Class B: 128 - 191 with a mask of 255.255.0.0 (/16) ： 128.0.0.0 ~
191.255.255.255
• Class C: 192 - 223 with a mask of 255.255.255.0 (/24) ： 192.0.0.1 ~
223.255.255.255

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv4 Issues
 The Need for IPv6
• Depletion of IPv4 address space
• Internet of Everything
 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
• Dual Stack – IPv4 and IPv6 on the
same network
• Tunneling – IPv6 packets inside IPv4
packets
• Translation - IPv6 packet is
translated to an IPv4 packet, and
vice versa.

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Connectivity Verification
Testing and Verification
 Ping
• ipconfig /all
• Testing the Local Stack: check TCP/IP protocol installation
o 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or ::1 (IPv6)

• Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN --- gateway

• Testing Connectivity to Remote
 Traceroute
• Testing the Path
o Round Trip Time (RTT)
o IPv4 Time to live (TTL)

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Ethernet Protocol
Ethernet MAC Addresses
 MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal
• MAC address is 48-bit long, 12 hexadecimal digits. e.g. 00-60-2F-3A-07-BC
• Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast
 MAC Addresses VS. IP Addresses
• The difference, why need both of them
• How they can work together?

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