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    Am 1

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    Market access refers to the right of exporters to access foreign markets. It involves government-imposed conditions under which products can enter a country. These conditions include tariffs, tariff-rate quotas, and special safeguard mechanisms for developing countries. Tariffication involves converting non-tariff barriers into tariff equivalents. Tariff-rate quotas set two-tiered tariff levels that depend on import volumes. Special safeguard mechanisms allow additional duties if imports surge or prices fall below levels. Export subsidies can promote exports through input subsidies or other incentives like import duty remission. Commitments aim to prevent food aid from displacing trade. Export credit programs should be self-financing.

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    Am 1

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    Market access refers to the right of exporters to access foreign markets. It involves government-imposed conditions under which products can enter a country. These conditions include tariffs, tariff-rate quotas, and special safeguard mechanisms for developing countries. Tariffication involves converting non-tariff barriers into tariff equivalents. Tariff-rate quotas set two-tiered tariff levels that depend on import volumes. Special safeguard mechanisms allow additional duties if imports surge or prices fall below levels. Export subsidies can promote exports through input subsidies or other incentives like import duty remission. Commitments aim to prevent food aid from displacing trade. Export credit programs should be self-financing.

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    Market access refers to the right of exporters to access foreign markets. It involves government-imposed conditions under which products can enter a country. These conditions include tariffs, tariff-rate quotas, and special safeguard mechanisms for developing countries. Tariffication involves converting non-tariff barriers into tariff equivalents. Tariff-rate quotas set two-tiered tariff levels that depend on import volumes. Special safeguard mechanisms allow additional duties if imports surge or prices fall below levels. Export subsidies can promote exports through input subsidies or other incentives like import duty remission. Commitments aim to prevent food aid from displacing trade. Export credit programs should be self-financing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views4 pages

    Am 1

    Uploaded by

    5zy 555
    Market access refers to the right of exporters to access foreign markets. It involves government-imposed conditions under which products can enter a country. These conditions include tariffs, tariff-rate quotas, and special safeguard mechanisms for developing countries. Tariffication involves converting non-tariff barriers into tariff equivalents. Tariff-rate quotas set two-tiered tariff levels that depend on import volumes. Special safeguard mechanisms allow additional duties if imports surge or prices fall below levels. Export subsidies can promote exports through input subsidies or other incentives like import duty remission. Commitments aim to prevent food aid from displacing trade. Export credit programs should be self-financing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    II.

    Market Access
    • Market access simply means the right which exporters have to access
    a foreign market.
    • In practice “market access” refers to the ways in which that protection
    can be implemented.
    • In the WTO framework it is a legalistic term indicating the
    government-imposed conditions under which a product may enter a
    country and be released for free circulation within that country under
    normal conditions.
    • A tariff is a trade barrier that takes the form of a government tax
    imposed on goods (usually imports and occasionally on exports) when
    they cross borders.
    • Tariffication is the process of conversion of all non-tariff market
    protection measures into the tariff equivalent.
    • The tariff equivalent to a non-tariff barrier is the difference between
    the average domestic price and the average world market price.
    • A tariff-rate quota (TRQ) is a two-levelled tariff whereby the tariff
    rate charged depends on the volume of imports.
    • TRQs usually generate a “quota rent”. In fact, the right to import
    within the quota results in a profit over and above the profit available
    in normal trade.
    • A Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) would allow developing
    countries to impose additional safeguard duties in the event of an
    abnormal surge in imports or the entry of unusually cheap imports.
    • The special safeguards provisions for agriculture differ from the
    general safeguards. In agriculture, unlike with normal safeguards:
    i. higher safeguard duties can be triggered automatically when
    import volumes rise above a certain level, or if prices fall
    below a certain level; and
    ii. it is not necessary to demonstrate that serious injury is being
    caused to the domestic industry.
    • The special agricultural safeguards can only be used on products that
    were tariffied.
    III. Export Subsidies
    • These can be in the form of subsidy on inputs of agriculture, making
    export cheaper or can be other incentives for exports such as import
    duty remission.
    • Food Aid – General and specific commitments to prevent or minimize
    potential for food aid to displace trade and domestic production.
    • Export Credit – Export credit guarantee, insurance and reinsurance
    programs should be self-financing and cover long term operating costs
    and losses.

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