Lecturer: Dr.

Vuong Dang Quoc

Email: [email protected]
Phone: +84-963286734

Department of electric and electronic equipments

1
School of Electrical Engineering
 INTRODUCTION

Table of contents
Chapter 1. Transformer
Chapter 2. General issues of rotary machines
Chapter 3. Asynchronous electrical machines
Chapter 4. Synchronous electrical machines
Chapter 5. DC electrical machines

2
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)

With revolving armature alternator, the field is held stationary and an AC voltage for
external load is generated in the revolving armature and transmitted by slip rings
and brushes.
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)

Note: To obtain and maintain a specific AC output voltage, a variable

DC source is required to overcome the variation of excitation
requirement due to various load conditions.
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)

steel laminated sheets ( thickness of

0.5 mm)

air gap
coupling shaft rotor
slip rings
Primary
motor shaft
carbon brush
excitation
winding stator
_ + winding
exciter
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)
a. Non-salient pole rotor

_- +
iron core
It

N

excitation
winding
S

Non-salient pole rotor

 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.1. Structure and classification (continued)

b. Salient pole rotor

N
excitation
 winding
S S
pole
iron
N core
Salient pole
rotor
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
Non-salient pole rotor Salient pole rotor
Component Core iron is made of casting Rotor iron core is made of
alloy casting steel
The current flowing in the excitation winding will create
magnetic field…
Characteristic Spread excitation winding Concentric excitation winding
Small centrifugal force Big centrifugal force
Rapid rotation speed, Slow rotation speed ,
n ≥1500 rpm n ≤ 1500 rpm
Used in thermal power plant Used in hydropower plant
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
Non-salient and salient pole rotor Non-salient Salient pole
machines with the same power and pole rotor rotor
frequency
Rotary speed n rapid slow
Pole-pairs p small great
Diameter D small large
Length l long short
Installation lying standing
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.2. Working principle
a. Generator: From mechanical energy to electrical energy

iA
A

N
-
n n1
Load
iB
+ S B

iC
C
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.2. Working principle (continued)
b. Generator: From electrical energy to mechanical energy

iA
A

N
- Source
n n1
iB
+ S B

iC
C
 I. Concept of synchronous machines

Figure 4.1: Sơn la hydropower generator 400MW /18kV/ 33 pole pairs, Cosφ=0,9;
Itđm=1600A; supplied by Alstom Thien tan company, cooled by hydro; weight:
1000T, D- 15,8m, h-3,2m; number stator laminations 258 000 slices
 I. Concept of synchronous machines
1.3. Rated parameters

 Type of machine (salient or non-salient rotor

 The number of phases
 Frequency
 Rated power (kW, kVA)
 Line voltage
 Power factor
 Rotation speed
 Insulation class of stator, rotor windings
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.1. General concept
 Consist of:
o Rotor magnetic field Ft (it – exciting current)
o Armature magnetic field Fư (iư – armature current)

o No-load mode:
 Ft – is only created by the exciting current => Eo.

o Load mode:
 Both Ft & Fư are existed
 Acting of Ft on Fư is called armature reaction.
Non-saturation of magnetic: by using the superposition
method to define Eo
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.2. Types of excitation and magnetic field of pole

3

Exciter Primary
motor
Main generator
(synchronous)
- Steam turbine
- Hydro turbine
- Diesel motor
- AC motor
- DC motor

Working principle diagram of a complete synchronous generator

 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.2. Types of excitation and magnetic field of pole (continued)
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.3. Magnetic field of excited winding
EMF produced by Ie (excited current of pole) is defined as
t
wt.I t
Ft =
2.p
N t

Where: wt - the number of turns
p- pole pair
S S

N
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.3. Magnetic field of excited winding (continued)
 stator 
A
τ
rotor S
N N
-
stator
Bt B1
+ B
S
rotor B5
x
C
 (delta): air gap
B3
 : pole pitch
Bt : magnetic flux density of pole
Be1: 1st harmonic component.
Magnetic field of excited winding
E = Blv at air gap of salient pole rotor
synchronous machines
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.4. Magnetic field in armature winding
a. General concept

 With the load mode: magnetic field in armature winding

(Fu) produced by stator current.
 The effect of the Fu on the Ft is called armarure reaction
 Armature reaction depends on:
- Type of loads (capacitive load, inductive load, resistive load).
- Salient machine or non salient machine
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.4. Magnetic field in armature winding (continued)
b. The pure resistive load

When the load is symmetric and pure resistive, the current I is the same
phase with E0.The magnetic flux u created by I is the same phase with
I according to direction of E0.This means that the general flux will be
distorted
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.4. Magnetic field in armature winding (continued)
c. The pure inductive load

When the load is symmetric and pure inductive, the current I is the
phase delay with =900 in comparision with E0. The magnetic flux u
created by I is the same phase and direction with I, but is the opposing
direction to 0. This means that the general flux will be discreased and
the armature reaction is direct-axis and demagnetization
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.4. Magnetic field in armature winding (continued)
d. The pure capacitive load

When the load is symmetric and pure inductive, the current I is the phase
advace with =900 in comparision with E0. The magnetic flux u created
by I is the same phase and direction with I and 0. This means that the
general flux will be increased and the armature reaction is direct-axis and
immagnetization
 II. Magnetic field in synchronous machines
2.4. Magnetic field in armature winding (continued)
e. The pure R-L (arbitrary) load

When the load is symmetric and arbitrary (R-L), the current I is

dephased () in comparision with E0. I is decomposed in two parts,
i.e., Iq is the same direction with E0 and create uq , where Id is the
phase delay in comparision with E0
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.1. General concept
 Electromagnetic relation includes:
Voltage balance equations and vector diagram of synchronous
machines
Energy balance diagram of synchronous machines
Electromagnetic power of synchronous machines
 Armature reactance: it is necessary to be defined because it is
appreared in the equivalent diagram, i.e.,
It → Ft → t → induces E in armature winding.
 If the armature circuit is connected to loads, there will be Iu → Fu →
u → induces Eu,
Xu is defined by ,i.e, Xu = Eu/Iu
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.1. General concept (continued)
 For an arbitrary load:
Iư (I) → Id (Iưd) → Fưd → ưd → Eưd = Xưd.Id
Iq (Iưq) → Fưq → ưq → Eưq = Xưq.Iq
Xưd – direct-axis armature reactance
IB EA
Xưq - quadrature-axis armature reactance
Ft
Iq
Fư 
q
IA
Fư
Fưd
Id
IC
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.2. Voltage balance equations and vector graph
 For symmetric loads, the voltage balance equations for
synchronous generator and motor are written as:
. . .
o Generator: U  E   I  ru  jx u 
. . .
o Motor:
U  E   I  ru  jx u 
Where:
 U – voltage
 rư, xư – armature resistance, armature reactance
 E - induced volage in the armature windings due to the
magnetic field at air gap
o Unsaturated magnetic circuit => superposition method to
determine:
E = E0 + Eư
o Saturated magnetic circuit => F = F0 + Fư => EMF E
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.2. Voltage balance equations and vector graph
3.2.1. Generator
a. Non-salient rotor generator
 Unsaturated magnetic circuit and symmetric load (R-L, 0 < Ψ <
900), the equation of non-salient pole generator is written as
B
Saturated
.
  j I xu

Unsaturated

H
synchronous reactance = 0.7 ÷ 1.6
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.2.1 Generator (continued)
Vector graph (inductive load) jXuI = -Eu
- Draw: U, , I, and then Ru.I  I, j.XdbI
j.Xu.I  I, jXu.I  I Eo jXu I
E
- Define: E = U + Ru.I + j.Xu.I + jXu.I Ru I
- Define: j.Xdb.I = j.Xu.I + jXu.I U
- Draw: Ft  E0, and Fu  I,
 F  = Ft + F u I

Fu

F

Ft
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.2.1 Generator (continued)
Vector graph (compacitive load)

RuI
jXu I
j.XdbI U
jXuI = -Eu E

I 
E

Fu
F

Ft
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.2.1. Generator (continued)
b. Salient rotor generator

Fư = Fưd + Fưq
.
.
Eud   j I d xud Euq   j I q xuq

Voltage equation for this case is:

33
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines

b. Salient rotor generator (continued)

Vector graph (inductive load)
- Draw U, , I, and then Iq ,  (xi) = ^(Iq, I);
Id  Iq,
jXudId = -Eud jXu I = - Eu
- Draw RuI  I;
jXuI  I;
jXuqIq = -Euq E U R uI
- Define: E = U + Ru.I + j.Xu.I;
E
- Draw: jXq Iq  Iq; jXudId  Id; E
- Define:
E = U + Ru.I + j.Xu. I + j.Xud.Id + j.Xuq.Iq  I
Iq
 Id
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines

b. Salient rotor generator (continued)

Vector graph (conductive load)

jXdId
jXqIq
R uI
U
E

 I
Iq
See the book “Electric machine 2” 
Id
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.3. Energy balance in synchronous machines

Synchronous
generator
Primary motor
Exciter
P2
P1
pm pe phar pCu pFe
P1: input mechanical power;
Rotor Stator pm: mechanical loss due to friction
and windage;
PEM P2 pkt : excitation loss (electric).
P1 pharmonic : auxiliary loss due to high
harmonics;
pFe PEM: electromagnetic power;
pCu pCu: copper loss in stator winding;
pharmonic
pm pkt pFe: magnetic iron loss on stator;

P2: output electric power;

 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.4. Angle characteristics of SM
a. Angle characteristics of active power
 P = f(θ) khi E = const (It = const), U = const

θ - teta, angle (E,U); E

φ - phi, angle (U,I); j.XdId
 - xi, angle (E,I). j.XqIq
U
 P = mUIcosφ
θ
 Diagram graph
 I
Iq
E = U + Rư.I + j.Xd.Id + jXq.Iq φ
neglecting Rư (Rư<<Xd, Xq), (inductive load φ > 0) Id

E = XdId + Ucosθ  Id = (E - Ucosθ)/Xd

Usinθ = XqIq  Iq = Usinθ/Xq
37
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.4. Angle characteristics of SM
a. Angle characteristics of active power
P = m.U.I.cosθ = m.U.I.cos(- θ) = m.U.(I.cos.cosθ + I.sin.sinθ)
= mU(Iq.cosθ + Id.sinθ) (m - the number of phases)
mU 2 mUE mU 2 sin
 sinθ.cosθ + sinθ -
Xq Xd Xd θ.cosθ

mUE mU 2 1 1
 sinθ + sin2θ(  ) (1)
Xd 2 Xq Xd
= Pt (main) + Pu (auxilary)
• Comments: The active power reaches a maximum value for
 = 90 degree . However,  is usually equal 20-30 degree,
– Pe  sin, và Eo (it).
– Pu  sin2, và Eo (it).
• P  0 => reaction motor 38
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.4. Angle characteristics of SM
a. Angle characteristics of active power
mEoU
•Non-salient machine: xd = xq P sin
xd

P
P P
P = Pt
Pt

 
1800 1800
Pu

Motor Generator Motor Generator

Salient pole rotor Đ
Non-salient Đ Pu = 0 (Xd =Xq)
rotor,

39
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.4. Angle characteristics of SM
b. Angle characteristics of reactive power

Q = m.U.I.sin = m.U.I.sin(- θ)
Replace Id, Iq on the above equation:
mUE mU 2 1 1 mU 2 1 1
Q cos  cos 2 (  ) (  )
Xd 2 Xq Xd 2 Xq Xd

 Section 1: Q < 0, motor takes Q from the network Q

 Section 2: Q > 0, motor supplies Q for the network
 Đoạn 3: Q > 0, generator supplies Q for the network 2 3
 Đoạn 4: Q < 0, generator takes Q from the network
900 θ 

θ 0 900
1 4

Motor Generator 40
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.5. Generator operation with balanced load

a. Characteristics curves of synchronous machines

f = frated = const

cos = cosrated = const (decided by load)

Iu (I)
the relation among these parameters is called characteristic curves.
It They can be defined by direct measurement or based on the vector
diagram
U
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.5. Generator operation with balanced load
b. No-load characteristics : U0 = E = f (It) when I = 0, f = const

E= 2f.w.max.kdq EB

E = f (It) is exactly
 = B.S
magnetization curve B = f (H)
w.I e  It  F  H
F=  Hl
2p

B E

3405(steel code)

3406

It

H
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.5. Generator operation with balanced load (continued)
c. Short-circuit characteristics (3 phases): Iu = I = f (It) ), U = 0, f = const
- When stator circuit is short, Ru can be considered as 0 (because Ru << Xq, Xd)
- The load is pure inductive ( = (E,I) = 900), the armature reaction is then
direct-axis and demagnetization. Eqs are defined:
E = U + Ru.I + jXdId + jXqIq
Id = I.sin = I.sin900 = I E = jXdI = jXud.I + jXu.I = jI(Xud + X u )
Iq = I.cos = I.cos900 = 0
E = jXdI
I
B u

jXudI

jXuI
linear
It
H I
Iu = f(It) is exactly B = f (H) when it is linear
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.5. Generator operation with balanced load (continued)
c. Load characteristics U = f(I) when Ie, f, cos = const

U = E – RuI – jXuI ;
When load , I  RuI , XsI.
On the other hand, because of the armature reaction: I  U or  due to load
property:

Pure resistive load R  quadrature-axis armature reaction, E = const  U

Pure inductive load L  direct-axis armature reaction and demagnetization,
E  U
Pure capacitive load C  direct-axis armature reaction and immagnetization ,
E U
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines

Voltage change U%:

U C

E  U rated Urated
U% = 100%
U rated R

I
Irated
 III. Electromagnetic relationship in synchronous machines
3.5. Generator operation with balanced load (continued)
d. Regulation characteristics Ie = f(I) when f = frated, cos = cosrated =
const; U = Urated= const

It
L
It-rated
R

Ito

0 Irated I
 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators

4.1. Overview

 Why do two generators have to work in parallel?

 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators

4.2. Conditions of parallel operation

 The same phase sequences

 Amplitudes of U1 and U2 have to be equally
 Phase angles of G1 va G2 must be same
 Frequencies of G1 va G2 must be same
 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators

a. The same phase sequences

UAG1 UAG2

UBG2
UCG1 U UBG1
CG2
 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators

b. Amplitudes of U1 and U2 have to be equally

 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
c. Phase angles of G1 va G2 must be same: Using on - off lamp
1
C
B UAG1
A UAG2 U

2 UBG2

1 3 UCG1

UBN1
3 UCG2
G1 G2
Synchroscope
 IV. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
c. Frequencies of G1 va G2 must be same: This case is every easy to regulate
 V. Synchronous Motor

5.1. Applications of synchronous motors

Parameters asynchronous motor Synchronous motor

Structure simple, cheap complex, expensive, a

required DC source
cos low (<1), Use Q from high (may be =1), does not
sources use Q from sources
Torque ~ U2 (load-carrying ~U
capability is weak)
 low high
Starting simple complex
Speed f, p, U f
control
 V. Synchronous Motor
5.2. Starting methods of synchronous motors
a) Synchronous motor starting following to asynchronous method
- Two starting stages:
• Synchronous motor is starting like squirrel-cage rotor induction motor
• The motor works in synchronous mode

Rvar: control excitation current of

synchronous motor

Stator Armature winding

winding

Squirel cage winding Excitation winding

b
K
a Rstart: reduce voltage in
Excitation excited winding at
winding starting
Synchronous motor DC generator
 V. Synchronous Motor
5.2. Starting methods of synchronous motors (continued)
b) Synchronous motor starting following to synchronized method
 The auxiliary motor can be an induction motor or a DC motor connected to the
same shaft with the synchronous motor, i.e.

auxiliary motor synchronous motor

 The auxiliary motor can be a synchronous motor or a DC motor connected to

the same shaft with synchronous motor.