Scribd
Upload
46 views30 pages

Lecture 4

This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital data and analog signals. It begins by defining different types of data and signals, such as digital/analog data and digital/analog signals. Then, it covers encoding schemes for digital data as digital signals, including unipolar/polar encoding, data rates, and mark/space definitions. Key terms like modulation rate and encoding comparisons in terms of signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity are also defined. Specific encoding techniques like NRZ-L, NRZI, AMI, pseudoternary, Manchester, and differential Manchester are explained. Scrambling techniques and special codes like B8ZS and HDB3 that address long runs of zeros are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Arslan Akbar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
46 views30 pages

Lecture 4

This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital data and analog signals. It begins by defining different types of data and signals, such as digital/analog data and digital/analog signals. Then, it covers encoding schemes for digital data as digital signals, including unipolar/polar encoding, data rates, and mark/space definitions. Key terms like modulation rate and encoding comparisons in terms of signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity are also defined. Specific encoding techniques like NRZ-L, NRZI, AMI, pseudoternary, Manchester, and differential Manchester are explained. Scrambling techniques and special codes like B8ZS and HDB3 that address long runs of zeros are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Arslan Akbar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Signal Encoding Techniques

Lecture 4
Encoding Techniques
• Digital data, digital signal
• Analog data, digital signal
• Digital data, analog signal
• Analog data, analog signal
Digital Data, Digital Signal
• Digital signal
—Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
—Each pulse is a signal element
—Binary data encoded into signal elements
Terms (1)
• Unipolar
—All signal elements have same sign
• Polar
—One logic state represented by positive voltage the
other by negative voltage
• Data rate
—Rate of data transmission in bits per second
• Duration or length of a bit
—Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit
Terms (2)
• Modulation rate
—Rate at which the signal level changes
—Measured in baud = signal elements per second
• Mark and Space
—Binary 1 and Binary 0 respectively
Interpreting Signals
• Need to know
—Timing of bits - when they start and end
—Signal levels
• Factors affecting successful interpreting of
signals
—Signal to noise ratio
—Data rate
—Bandwidth
Comparison of Encoding
Schemes (1)
• Signal Spectrum
—Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth
—Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via
transformer, providing isolation
—Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth
• Clocking
—Synchronizing transmitter and receiver
—External clock
—Sync mechanism based on signal
Comparison of Encoding
Schemes (2)
• Error detection
—Can be built in to signal encoding
• Signal interference and noise immunity
—Some codes are better than others
• Cost and complexity
—Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead to higher
costs
—Some codes require signal rate greater than data rate
Encoding Schemes
• Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
• Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
• Bipolar -AMI
• Pseudoternary
• Manchester
• Differential Manchester
• B8ZS
• HDB3
Return to Zero (RZ)
• Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
• 0
—Zero/low voltage
—One/high voltage
Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)
• Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
—Positive voltage
—Negative voltage
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
• Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
• Voltage constant during bit interval
—no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage
• e.g. Absence of voltage for zero, constant
positive voltage for one
• More often, negative voltage for one value and
positive for the other
• This is NRZ-L
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
• Constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
• Data encoded as presence or absence of signal
transition at beginning of bit time
• Transition (low to high or high to low) denotes a
binary 1
• No transition denotes binary 0
• An example of differential encoding
NRZ
NRZ pros and cons
• Pros
—Easy to engineer
—Make good use of bandwidth
• Cons
—dc component
—Lack of synchronization capability
• Not often used for signal transmission
Differential Encoding
• Data represented by changes rather than levels
• More reliable detection of transition rather than
level
• In complex transmission layouts it is easy to
lose sense of polarity
Multilevel Binary
• Use more than two levels
• Bipolar-AMI
—zero represented by no line signal
—one represented by positive or negative pulse
—one pulses alternate in polarity
—No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros still a
problem)
—No net dc component
—Lower bandwidth
—Easy error detection
Pseudoternary
• One represented by absence of line signal
• Zero represented by alternating positive and
negative
• No advantage or disadvantage over bipolar-AMI
Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary
Trade Off for Multilevel Binary
• Not as efficient as NRZ
—Each signal element only represents one bit
—In a 3 level system could represent log23 = 1.58 bits
—Receiver must distinguish between three levels
(+A, -A, 0)
—Requires approx. 3dB more signal power for same
probability of bit error
Biphase
• Manchester
— Transition in middle of each bit period
— Low to high represents one
— High to low represents zero
— Used by IEEE 802.3
• Differential Manchester
— Transition at start of a bit period represents zero
— No transition at start of a bit period represents one
Manchester Encoding
Differential Manchester
Encoding
Biphase Pros and Cons
• Con
—At least one transition per bit time and possibly two
—Maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
—Requires more bandwidth
• Pros
—Synchronization on mid bit transition (self clocking)
—No dc component
—Error detection
Modulation Rate
Scrambling Techniques
• Use scrambling to replace sequences that would
produce constant voltage
• Filling sequence
— Must produce enough transitions to sync
— Must be recognized by receiver and replace with original
— Same length as original
• No dc component
• No long sequences of zero level line signal
• No reduction in data rate
• Error detection capability
B8ZS
• Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution
• Based on bipolar-AMI
• If octet of all zeros and last voltage pulse
preceding was positive encode as 000+-0-+
• If octet of all zeros and last voltage pulse
preceding was negative encode as 000-+0+-
• Causes two violations of AMI code
• Unlikely to occur as a result of noise
• Receiver detects and interprets as octet of all
zeros
HDB3
• High-Density Bipolar-3 Zeros
• Based on bipolar-AMI
• String of four zeros is replaced with sequences
containing one or two pulses.

Number of Bipolar Pulses since last


substitution
Polarity of Odd Even
Preceding Pulse
- 000- +00+

+ 000+ -00-

28
B8ZS and HDB3
Required Reading
• Stallings chapter 5

You might also like