17EE313 - Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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 SYLLABUS
I-GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER
• Typical Layout of an Electrical Power
System
• Hydro station
• Steam Power Plant
• Nuclear Power Plant
• Pelamis – Wave Energy
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy

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 Generator

10 to 30 KV

Step-up T/F

SINGLE LINE REPRESENTATION

OF 132 KV, 220 KV, 400 KV.
POWER SYSTEM
Transmission EHV

Classification:
1.Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution Step down T/F
66 KV, 33 KV OR 11 KV
Distribution HV Receiving
Station

Step Down
To large Industries at 11 kv or 33 kv or
T/F
66 kv
consumer of HV level
440V (Utilization)

Consumers of LV level

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POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SYMBOLS

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6
POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS

TRADITIONAL
GENERATION
SYSTEMS

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POWER GENERATION SCENARIO IN INDIA

 Thermal Power --- 1,00,000MW

 Hydro Power --- 65,000MW
 Nuclear Power --- 10,000MW
 Other sources --- 20,000MW
 Total Installed Capacity --- 1,95,000MW

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SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION

A.Conventional Sources
 Thermal (Coal)
 Nuclear
 Gas
 Water
B.Non conventional Sources
 Wind
 Solar- PV
 Biomass

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 Introduction : Generating Stations

• Bulk electric power is produced by special plants :

Generating Stations / Power Plants

• Essentially employs a prime mover, coupled to an alternator for

production of electric power

• Prime Mover : Converts energy from some other form

into mechanical energy

• Alternator : Converts mechanical energy of the prime mover to

electrical energy

• Electrical energy produced is transmitted and distributed

to consumers through conductors

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 Depending upon the form of energy converted into
electrical energy, generating stations are classified as :

• –Steam Power Station

• –Hydro Electric Power Station
• –Diesel Power Station
• –Nuclear Power Station

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 STEAM POWER STATION (THERMAL STATION)

• Generating station, which converts heat energy of

coal combustion into electrical energy

• Basically works on Rankine Cycle

• Heat from Coal Combustion produces steam in boiler

• Steam gets expanded in the prime mover, which drives the

alternator and converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy

• Steam is condensed in the condenser and water is fed to the boiler

again

• Requires the availability of coal & water in plenty

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COAL FIRED THERMAL PLANT

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 1.COAL & ASH HANDLING
ARRANGEMENT
– Coal transported by rail / road

– Coal from storage is given to coal handling plant, where

it is pulverized (Crushed into small pieces), in order to
increase its surface exposure, thus promoting rapid
combustion, without use of excess air

– Pulverized coal fed to boiler by belt conveyors, where it

is burnt

– Ash produced, taken to ash handling and ash storage

plant for disposal

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 2. STEAM GENERATING PLANT

– BOILER : Converts water to steam at high temperature

and pressure, from heat of coal combustion. Flue gases
make their journey through superheater, economiser, air
pre heater and finally exhausted to atmosphere through
chimney

– SUPERHEATER : Steam produced in the boiler is dried

and superheated, by the flue gases on their way to
chimney. Increases overall efficiency and too much of
condensation is avoided

– Economiser : Essentially a feed water heater and

derives heat from flue gases for this purpose
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– AIR PREHEATER : Increases the temperature of the air supplied for coal burning, by
deriving heat from flue gases. Increases thermal efficiency and steam capacity
per square metre of boiler surface

3. STEAM TURBINE
– Dry and superheated steam from super heater is fed
to steam turbine through main valve
– Heat energy of steam when passing over blades of
the turbine, is converted into mechanical energy
4. ALTERNATOR
– Converts mechanical energy of turbine into
electrical energy
– Electrical energy is delivered to the bus bars
through transformer, circuit breakers and isolators

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5. FEED WATER
– Condensate from the condenser is used as feed water
to the boiler
– Feed water, on its way to boiler is heated by water
heaters and economiser

6. COOLING ARRANGEMENT
– Steam exhausted from the turbine, is condensed by
the condenser
– Hot water from the condenser is discharged to river
or to
cooling towers, where it is cooled

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• EFFICIENCY OF STEAM POWER STATION
– Overall Efficiency is quite low (~29 %), due to heat
lost in condenser and at various stages of the plant

– Thermal Efficiency (ηthermal): Ratio of heat equivalent

of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine
shaft to the heat of combustion of coal (~ 30 %)

– Overall Efficiency(ηoverall) : Ratio of heat equivalent

of electrical output to the heat of combustion of
coal (~29 %)

– Overall Efficiency = Thermal Efficiency x Electrical

Efficiency
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 • EQUIPMENT OF STEAM POWER STATION
1. STEAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT
– BOILER : Closed vessel , in which water is
converted to steam, by use of heat of coal
combustion
• WATER TUBE BOILERS : Water flows through tube
and hot gases of combustion, flow over these tubes
(universally preffered)
– Requires less space
– Compact
– High working pressure
– Less liable to explosion

• FIRE TUBE BOILERS: Hot products of combustion

passes through the tubes, surrounded by water

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– BOILER FURNACE : Chamber to burn fuel and made of refractory materials like
fire clay, silica, kaolin etc.
• Plain Refractory Walls
• Hollow Refractory walls
• Water walls
– SUPERHEATER : Superheats the steam, above boiling
point of water.
• Consists of a group of tubes, made of special alloy steels,
such as chromium-molybdenum
• Radiant Superheater & Convection Superheater(commonly
used)
– ECONOMISER
– AIR PREHEATER
• Recuperative Type
• Regenerative Type

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2. CONDENSER
– Condenses the steam at the exhaust of turbine
– Jet Condenser : Cooling water & exhaust steam are
mixed
– Surface Condenser : No direct contact between
cooling water and exhaust steam

3. PRIME MOVER
– Converts steam energy to mechanical energy
– Steam engines & Steam turbines (Preferred)
– Impulse & Reaction Turbines

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PGS / II EEE A
 4. WATER TREATMENT PLANT
– Water from source is stored in storage tanks
– Suspended impurities are removed,
through sedimentation, coagulation and
filtering
– Dissolved gases are removed by aeration
and degasification
– Water is softened by chemical process
(Removes Temporary & Permanent Hardness)
5. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
– ALTERNATORS
– TRANSFORMERS (Main Step up Transformer,
Station Transformer, Auxiliary Transformer)
– SWITCHGEAR (Circuit Breakers, Relays, Switches and
other control devices)
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Factors to be considered for Selection of site
for Steam Power Plant
• Nearness to load centre
• Supply of water
• Availability of coal
• Cost and type of Land
• Transportation facility
• Availability of man power
• Distance from populated areas

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 Advantages of Steam Power Plant
 Fuel is cheaper
 Lesser Space
 Low capital cost
 Quicker response to change in load
 Located near the load centre

Disadvantages of Steam Power Plant

• Pollution
• High maintenance & operating cost
• Large quantity of water is required
• Handling of ash is difficult
• Takes long time for erection

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 HYDRO –ELECTRIC POWER STATION
• Generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a
high level for the generation of electrical energy
• It is located in hilly areas where dams can be built and large water
reservoirs can be obtained.

• Water head is created by constructing dam across a river or lake.

• Water is fed to the water turbine from the dam. Water turbine
captures the energy in the falling water and
Changes the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

• The turbine drives alternator to produce electrical energy.

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 Selection of site for Hydro Electric Plant

1. Availability of water :at good head

2. Storage of water :Convenient accomodation for erection of dam

Reservoir must have large catchment area

3. Cost and type of land:Land should be cheap in cost & rocky in order
to stand the weight of the large buildings & heavy machineries

4. Transportation facilities: Sufficient transportation facility

Possibility of stream diversion during period of

construction

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Schematic arrangement of Hydro Electric Power
Station

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• Dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from
the catchment area collects at the back of the dam to
form a reservoir

• Pressure tunnel is taken off from the reservoir and

water brought to the valve house at the start of the
penstock

• Valve house contains main sluice valves(controls the water

flow to the power house) and automatic isolating valves
(cuts off supply of water when the penstock bursts)

• From the valve house, water is taken to water turbine

through a huge steel pipe known as penstock

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• Water turbine converts hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy

• Turbine drives the alternator which converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy

• Surge tank : Open from top, is built just before the

valve house and protects the penstock from bursting in
case the turbine gates suddenly close due to electrical
load being thrown off

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 • EQUIPMENT OF STEAM POWER STATION
• HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
– DAM : A barrier which stores water and creates
water head
• Built of concrete or stone masonary, earth or
rock fill
• Type of dam also depends upon the foundation
conditions, local materials and transportation
available, occurrence of earthquakes and other
hazards.

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– SPILLWAYS : Discharge the surplus water (during heavy
rainfall) from the storage reservoir into the river on the
down-stream side of the dam
• Spillways are constructed of concrete piers on the top of the
dam.
• Gates are provided between these piers and surplus
water is discharged over the crest of the dam by opening
these gates
– HEADWORKS.
• Consists of the diversion structures at the head of an
intake.
• Flow of water into and through headworks should be as
smooth as possible to avoid head loss and cavitation. For this
purpose, it is necessary to avoid sharp corners and abrupt
contractions or enlargements.

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– SURGE TANK
• A small reservoir or tank (open at the top) in which
water level rises or falls to reduce the pressure
swings in the conduit
• Overcomes the abnormal pressure in the conduit
when load on the turbine falls and acts as a reservoir
during increase of load on the turbine

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 – PENSTOCKS
• Open or closed conduits which carry water to
the turbines
• Generally made of reinforced concrete or steel
• Can be designed for any head
• Thickness of the penstock increases with the head
or working pressure.

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 • WATER
TURBINES
– Water turbines are used to convert the energy
of falling water into mechanical energy
The principal types of water turbines are :
– Impulse turbines
• Used for high heads.
• Entire pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy
in a nozzle and the velocity of the jet drives the wheel.
• Example : Pelton wheel turbine
– Reaction turbines
• Used for low and medium heads
• Water enters the runner partly with pressure energy and
partly with velocity head
• Example : Francis & Kaplan turbine

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 • ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
– Includes alternators, transformers, circuit
breakers and other switching and protective
devices.
POWER
HOUSE

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PGS / II EEE A
 Advantages of Hydro Electric Power
Plant
 Water is the cheapest & reliable source of electric power generation
 No Fuel Transportation problem
 Low maintenance cost
 No ash disposal & smoke problems
 Low running cost
 Lesser supervising staff
 More Life

Disadvantages of Hydro Electric Power

Plant
• Water dependency o rainfall
• High capital cost
• Longer transmission lines to deliver power. Hence,
cost of transmission lines &losses will be more
• Takes long time for erection
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 Base & Peak Load Plants

• Base Load Plants :

– Operate on the base portion of the load curve
of the power system, if they are of large
capacity

• Peak Load Plants :

– Supply power to the system corresponding to
the load at the top portion of the load curve

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 Pumped Storage Schemes

• Special type of power plants, which work as ordinary

hydro power plants for part of the time

• When not producing power, act as pumping stations,

which pump water from tail race to head race

• During pumping, these plants utilizes power available

from grid

• Can operate only if these plants are interconnected to a

large grid

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 Pumped Storage Schemes…

• Consists of 2 ponds, one at high level and the other at

low level, with power house near the low level pond

• Two ponds are connected through penstock

• Plant operates as a source of electrical energy, during

system peak hours and as a sink during off-peak hours

• Ingenious way to conserve limited water resources on

one hand and balancing the load on the distribution
system, on the other hand

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 Pumped Storage Schemes…
• Uses a reversible pump turbine unit

• Normal generating mode : Turbine drives the generator

• Reverse mode : Generator runs as motor, driving the

turbine, which now acts as pump

• Advantages of Pumped Storage Plant :

– Free from environmental pollution
– Readily adaptable to automatic and remote controls
– Greater flexibility in the operating schedules of the system
– Economical as peaking power station
– Improves the load factor of the overall plant(as it works as load
during off peak periods of the system)

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 Turbine
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has
adjustable blades. ... Its invention allowed efficient power
production in low-head applications which was not possible with
Francis turbines.

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by

James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow
reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.

The Pelton wheel is an impulse-type water turbine. It was invented by Lester

Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the
impulse of moving water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the
traditional overshot water wheel.
FISSION :

 The breaking up of nuclei of heavy atoms into two nearly equal

parts with release of huge amount of energy is known as
nuclear fission.
 The release of huge amount of energy during
fission is due to mass defect i.e. the mass of the final
product comes out to be less than the initial product.

 This mass defect is converted into heat energy

according to Einstein’s relation, E = mc2

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 CHAIN REACTION
• Nuclear fission is done by bombarding Uranium nuclei with
slow moving neutrons.
• This splits the Uranium nuclei with the release of huge amount
of energy and emission of neutrons (called fission neutrons).
• These fission neutrons cause further fission.
• If this process continues, then in a very short time huge amount of
energy will be released which may cause explosion.
• This is known as explosive chain reaction.
• But in a reactor, controlled chain reaction is allowed.
• This is done by systematically removing the fission neutrons
from the reactor.
• The greater the number of fission neutrons removed, the
lesser is the intensity (i.e., fission rate) of energy
released.
PGS / II EEE A 557
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 NUCLEAR POWER STATION
• Generating station in which nuclear energy is converted
into electrical energy

• Heavy elements such as Uranium (U 235) or Thorium (Th 232)

are subjected to nuclear fission in a special apparatus known
as a reactor

• Recovery of principal nuclear fuels (i.e., Uranium and

Thorium) is difficult and expensive

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• Heat energy thus released is utilised in raising steam at high
temperature and pressure

• Steam runs the steam turbine which converts steam energy

into mechanical energy

• Turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy

• Huge amount of electrical energy can be produced from a

relatively small amount of nuclear fuel

• complete fission of 1 kg of Uranium (U 235) can produce as

much energy as can be produced by the burning of 4,500 tons
of high grade coal
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 Nuclear Power Plant

Heat Energy from Nuclear fission

Steam Energy

Mechanical Energy

Electrical Energy

NOTE : Large amount of electrical Energy can be produced from a

small quantity of nuclear fuel

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 Selection of site for Nuclear Power Plant

• Availability of water

• Distance from populated areas

• Nearness to the load centre

• Availability of space for waste disposal

• Good Transportation facilities

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Schematic arrangement of Nuclear Power Station

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PGS / II EEE A
• Nuclear power station can be divided into
the following main stages :
 Nuclear reactor
 Heat exchanger
 Steam turbine
 Alternator

PGS / II EEE 663

A 2
NUCLEAR REACTOR

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PGS / II EEE A
 NUCLEAR REACTOR
• Apparatus in which nuclear fuel (U 235) is subjected
to nuclear fission

• Controls the chain reaction that starts once the

fission is done

• Cylindrical stout pressure vessel and houses fuel rods

of Uranium, moderator and control rods

• Fuel rods constitute the fission material and release

huge amount of energy when bombarded with slow
moving neutrons

• Moderator slows down the neutrons before they

bombard the fuel rods 6
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• Control rods are of cadmium and are inserted into the
reactor

• Cadmium is strong neutron absorber and thus regulates

the supply of neutrons for fission

• Control rods when pushed in deep enough, absorb

most of fission neutrons and hence few are available
for chain reaction which, therefore, stops.

• Control rods being withdrawn, more and more of these

fission neutrons cause fission and hence the intensity of
chain reaction (or heat produced) is increased

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• Pulling out the control rods : Power of the nuclear reactor
is increased

• Pushing in the control rods : Power of the nuclear reactor

is reduced

• Lowering or raising of control rods is

accomplished automatically according to the
requirement of load

• Heat produced in the reactor is removed by the

coolant, generally a sodium metal.

• Coolant carries the heat to the heat exchanger

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 HEAT EXCHANGER
• Coolant gives up heat to the heat exchanger which is
utilised in raising the steam

• After giving up heat, the coolant is again fed to the reactor

STEAM TURBINE
• Steam produced in the heat exchanger is led to the
steam turbine through a valve
• Exhaust steam is led to condenser
• Condenser condenses the steam & fed to the heat
exchanger through feed water pump

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 ALTERNATOR
• Steam turbine drives the alternator which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Output from the alternator is delivered to the bus-
bars through transformer, circuit breakers and
isolators

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PGS / II EEE A
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 Advantages of Nuclear Power Plant

 Small quantity of fuel

 No problem of transportation & storage
 Less space is required
 Can be located near the load centre
 Most economical
Ensures reliability of operation

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Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plant

 Radio active Pollution

 High capital & maintenance cost
 Expensive fuel & difficult to recover
 Disposal of radio active waste is a big problem
 Erection & commissioning of plant requires greater
technical know-how
 Maintenance charges are high due to lack of
standardisation. Moreover, high salaries of specially trained
personnel employed to handle the plant further raise the
cost
 Not suited for varying loads as the reactor does not
respond to the load fluctuations efficiently

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Disposal of Radio Active Waste

• The liquid waste are diluted with large quantity of water

& then released into ground

• Gaseous waste are diluted with air, passed through filters

& then released to atmosphere through chimneys

• Solid waste, if combustible are burnt & the radio active

waste is mixed with concrete, drummed and shipped for
burial. Non- combustible solid waste are directly burried
deep in the ground

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WAVE POWER
WAVE POWER
WAVE POWER
WAVE POWER
WAVE POWER
WAVE POWER
WIND POWER
WIND POWER
DISADVANTAGES OF WIND MILLS
SOLAR POWER
SOLAR POWER
APPLICATION OF SOLAR POWER
Exploring Solar Energy
 Radiant Energy
Nuclear Fusion

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED Project

 Major Uses of Solar Energy
• Daylight
• Drying Agricultural Products
• Space Heating
• Water Heating
• Generating Electrical Power
• Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
• Photovoltaics

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Daylighting

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Drying Agricultural Products

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
Space Heating Through Passive
Solar

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
• Active Solar Heating
 Solar Collector
• Glass on
outside
• Absorbent
on inside
• Circulating
Fluid

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Generating Electrical Power
• Concentrating Solar • Photovoltaics
Power (CSP) – Small-scale
– Trough systems (buildings) kW
– Power towers production
– Large-scale
• Heat exchanger plus
(utilities) MW
steam turbine production
• Photoelectric effect

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED Project

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Ivanpah, Mojave Desert
• The United States houses the largest CSP
plant in the Mojave Desert.
• Ivanpah is operated by NRG. It uses 347,000
garage door-sized mirrors and 173,500
heliostats.
Image courtesy of NRG
Energy

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 PV CELL
A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode
that converts visible light into direct current (DC). Some PV
cells can also convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation into
DC electricity. ... Large sets of PV cells can be connected together to
form solar modules, arrays, or panels.

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Photovoltaics

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 PV Cell

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 PV Array Components
• PV Cells
• Modules
• Arrays

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED Project

 PV System Components

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Remote PV Power

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Top Countries for Installed PV
Capacity

US Department of
Energy, NREL 2015
Renewable Energy
Data Book
Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The
NEED Project
Global PV
Growth

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Advantages of Solar Energy
• Clean
• Sustainable
• Free
• Provide electricity to remote places

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
• Less efficient and costly equipment
• Part Time
• Reliability Depends On Location
• Environmental Impact of PV Cell
Production

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Using a Digital Multimeter

Indicates
voltage
from
DC Voltage
alternating
Scale
current. Do
not use.

DC
Resistanc Current
e Scale. Scale
Do not
use.

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The

NEED Project
 Wiring the PV Modules
Series Parallel

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED Project

Exploring Wind Energy
What
Makes
Wind

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Global
Wind
Patterns

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 History of Wind Energy
5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s
Sailboats used First First Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry
on the Nile windmills horizontal- John Burnham build conducted 5,000
indicate the developed in axis Halladay Windmill; wind experiments;
power of wind Persia windmills in start US Wind starts Aermotor
Europe Engine Company Company

1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979

Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpa’s First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW
generate to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
electricity town during WWII
in Cleveland, OH

1985 1993 2004 2013

CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable- wind generation provided
speed wind turbine costs 3 to 4.5 over 17% of
cents per kWh renewable
energy used in US
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -
©The NEED Project
 Why Wind
Energy?
• Clean, zero emissions
– NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
– Air quality, water quality
– Climate change
• Reduce fossil fuel
dependence
– Energy independence
– Domestic energy—
national security
• Renewable
– No fuel-price volatility

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

 Renewable Electric Capacity
Worldwide

US DOE, EERE 2015 Renewable

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - Energy Data Book
©The NEED Project
 300000

US 250000Wood Geothermal

Electricity 200000Waste Solar Thermal

Million kilowatt-hours
Generation 150000Solar PV Wind

from Non- 100000

Hydro 50000

Renewables 0
005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Top Wind Power Producing
Rank State States, 2015
Million Rank State Million
kWh kWh
1 Texas 44,959 14 New York 3,956
2 Iowa 17,878 15 Wyoming 3,768
Pennsylvan
3 Oklahoma 14,018 16 ia 3,352
4 California 12,228 17 Nebraska 3,154
South
5 Kansas 10,927 18 Dakota 2,481
6 Illinois 10,733 19 Idaho 2,457
New
7 Minnesota 9,797 20 Mexico 2,067
8 Colorado 7,441 21 Montana 1,962
Washingto
9 n 7,101 22 Wisconsin 1,641
West
10 Oregon 6,675 23 Virginia 1,376
North
11 Dakota 6,530 24 Maine 1,273
12 Michigan 4,778 25 Ohio 1,206
13 Indiana 4,516
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -
©The NEED Project
Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power
Capacity

AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - Year Ending 2016
©The NEED Project
 Installed Wind Capacities |1999-
Present
1999 Total: 2,500 MW As of 10/17/2017 Total: 84,407 MW

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Wind Energy Potential by State

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
U.S. Wind
Resource
Map

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
Transmissi
on
Challenges

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
China Leads the World in Wind
Capacity

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -
©The NEED Project
Why Such Growth? …costs are low!
• Increased Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements

1979 2000 2004 2011

40 4-6 3-4.5 Less than
cents/k cents/kW cents/kW 5
Wh h h cents/kW
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - h
©The NEED Project
 Modern Wind Turbines
Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

 Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantages Disadvantages
• Rotors generally near ground
• Omni-directional where wind is poorer
– accepts wind from any • Centrifugal force stresses
direction blades
• Components can be • Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level • Requires support at top of
– ease of service
turbine rotor
– lighter weight towers
• Requires entire rotor to be
• Can theoretically use less removed to replace bearings
materials to capture the • Overall poor performance
same amount of wind and reliability

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)
• Homes • Village Power
• Farms • Hybrid Systems
• Remote • Distributed Power
Applications (e.g.,
water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Schools

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Large Wind
Turbines
• Common Utility-
Scale
• 328’ Turbines
base to blade
• Each blade is 112’
• 200 tons total
• Foundation 20’ deep
• Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
• Supply about 500 homes

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

• Wind Turbine Compo
• How a Wind Turbine Ope
Installation of
Wind Turbines

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

 Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Wind Farms

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Offshore Wind Farms

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Residential
Wind
Systems and
Net Metering

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Potential Impacts and Issues
• Property Values
• Noise
• Visual Impact
• Land Use
• Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate

many of these issues.

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 -

©The NEED Project
• Impacts
of Wind
Power:
Noise
Wildlife
Impacts

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - ©The

NEED Project