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Nucleic Acid: Group 2 Report

Here are the answers to the quiz questions: 1. Life 2. Friedrich Miescher 3. Richard Altmann 4. Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains through covalent bonds between the phosphate of one and the sugar of another. 5. A nitrogenous base 6. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 7. Adenine (A) 8. Uracil (U) 9. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 10. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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110 views20 pages

Nucleic Acid: Group 2 Report

Here are the answers to the quiz questions: 1. Life 2. Friedrich Miescher 3. Richard Altmann 4. Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains through covalent bonds between the phosphate of one and the sugar of another. 5. A nitrogenous base 6. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 7. Adenine (A) 8. Uracil (U) 9. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 10. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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Group 2 Report

Nucleic
Definition
• Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or
small biomolecules, essential to all
known forms of life. They are composed
of nucleotides, which are monomers
 made of three components: a 
5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and
a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a
simple ribose, the polymer is RNA
 (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is
derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the
polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
History
• Nuclein were discovered by Friedrich
Miescher in 1869.
• In 1889 Richard Altmann discovered
that nuclein has acidic properties, and it
became called nucleic acid
• In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the
first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.
• In 1953 Watson and Crick determined
the structure of DNA.
Friedrich
Richard Altmann
Meischer
James Watson and Francis Crick
Composition and Size
• Nucleic acids are generally very large
molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are
probably the largest individual
molecules known. Well-studied
biological nucleic acid molecules range
in size from 21 nucleotides (
small interfering RNA) to large
chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is
a single molecule that contains 247
million base pairs)
Nucleotide
Definition
• Nucleotides are linked together to
form polynucleotide chains.
Nucleotides are joined to one
another by covalent bonds
between the phosphate of one and
the sugar of another. Similar to
what happens with protein and 
carbohydrate monomers,
nucleotides are linked together
through dehydration synthesis. 
Parts
•A Nitrogenous
Base
•A Five – Carbon
Sugar
•A Phosphate
Group
Types
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic


acid containing the genetic instructions
used in the development and functioning
of all known living organisms. The DNA
segments carrying this genetic
information are called genes. DNA is one
of the three major macromolecules that
are essential for all known forms of life.
Four nitrogenous
bases
•Adenine ( A )
•Guanine ( G )
•Cytosine ( C )
•Thymine ( T )
Ribonucleic Acid
• Ribonucleic acid Transer RNA (tRNA)
(RNA) functions
in converting
genetic
information Messenger (mRNA)
from genes into
the amino acid
sequences of
proteins. 
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Four nitrogenous
bases
•Adenine ( A )
•Guanine ( G )
•Cytosine ( C )
•Uracil ( U )
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
•
Transfer RNA serves as
 

the carrier molecule for


amino acids to be used
in protein synthesis,
and is responsible for
decoding the mRNA.
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
•Messenger RNA acts to
carry genetic sequence
information between
DNA and ribosomes,
directing protein
synthesis. 
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
•Ribosomal RNA is a
major component of
the ribosome, and
catalyzes peptide bond
formation.
Artificial Nucleic acid
• Artificial nucleic acid analogues
 have been designed and
synthesized by chemists, and
include peptide nucleic acid, 
morpholino- and 
locked nucleic acid, 
glycol nucleic acid, and threose
nucleic acid.
Quiz
Questions:
• 1. Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small 
biomolecules, essential to all known forms of ______?
• 2. Nuclein were discovered by ________________ in 1869.
• 3. Who discovered that nuclein has acidic properties?
4. How does nucleotides linked?
• 5. Give one part of Nucleotides.
• 6. ________________ is a nucleic acid containing the
genetic instructions used in the development and
functioning of all known living organisms.
• 7. Give one out of the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA.
• 8. Give one out of the 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA.
• 9 – 10. give two types of Ribonucleic Acid.

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