The OSI Model

A layered framework for the design

of network systems that allows
communication across all types of
computer systems regardless of
their underlying architecture
Why do we need the OSI Model?
To address the problem of networks
increasing in size and in number, the
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) researched many
network schemes and recognized that there
was a need to create a network model that
would help network builders implement
networks that could communicate and work
together and therefore, released the OSI
reference model in 1984. 2
Don’t Get Confused.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI - Open System Interconnection

IOS - Internetwork Operating System

The ISO created the OSI to make the IOS more efficient.
The “ISO” acronym is correct as shown.

To avoid confusion, some people say “International

Standard Organization.”
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OSI Layers

All People seems to need data processing

Please Do not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator
OSI layers

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5

Organization of Layers
Network Support Layers
Layers 1,2,3

User Support Layers

Layers 5,6,7
Exchange using the OSI Model
 Physical Layer
Transmits the digital bit stream over the
transmission medium.

Defines the electrical and mechanical

specifications of the connection (i.e. cable
and connectors).
Physical Layer
 Communication at the physical layer
Legend Source Destination

A R1 R3 R4 B
Physical Physical
layer layer
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

011 ... 101

01
1.
..
10
1

011 ... 101 011 ... 101

Physical Layer Functions
 Physical Characteristics of Interface
and Media

 Representation of Bits/ Encoding

 Data Rate/ Transmission Rate

 Synchronization of Bits
Physical Layer Functions
 Line Configuration

 Physical Topology

 Transmission Mode
Data Link Layer
Responsible for Node-To-Node
Delivery

Makes Physical Layer error free to the

upper layers
Data Link Layer
 Communication at the data link layer
Legend Source Destination D Data H Header
A R1 R3 R4 B
Data link Data link

Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr

H2

D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame
 Data Link Layer Functions
 Framing

 Physical Addressing

 Flow Control

 Error Control

 Access Control
Data Link Layer Example
MAC Address
MAC address is 48 bits in length and expressed as twelve hexadecimal
digits.MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses
(BIA) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and are
copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes.

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 Network Layer
Responsible for Source-to-Destination
delivery

Network Layer ensures that each packet

gets from its point of origin to its final
destination
Network Layer
 Communication at the network layer
Legend Source Destination D Data H Header
A R1 R3 R4 B
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D3 H3
Datagram

D3 H3
Datagram
Network Layer Functions
Logical Addressing

Routing
 Transport Layer
Responsible for Source-to-Destination
delivery of Entire Message

Transport Layer ensures that whole

message arrives at the destination intact
Transport Layer
Functions of Transport Layer
Service Point Addressing

Segmentation and Reassembly

Connection Control

Flow Control

Error Control
Transport Layer Example
 Communication at transport layer
A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D4 H4
Segment

D4 H4
Segment
 Session Layer
Session layer is the Network Dialog
Controller

Establishes, Maintains, and Synchronizes

the interaction between communicating
systems
Functions of Session Layer

Dialog Control

Synchronization
Session Layer
 Presentation Layer

Presentation layer is concerned with

Syntax and Semantics of info exchange
between two systems
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
Functions of Presentation Layer
Translation

Encryption

Compression
Application Layer
Enables the user either human or
software to access the network

It provides user interface and support

for the services such as
Electronic mail
Remote File access and Transfer
 Shared Database Management
Application Layer
 Communication at application layer
A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D5 D5
Message

D5 D5
Message
Application Layer Functions
Network Virtual Terminal

File Transfer, Access & Management

(FTAM)

Mail Services

Directory Services
Data Flow Through a Network

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Summary of Layer Functions
OSI Layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Transmission Control Protocol /
Internetworking Protocol

Developed Prior to OSI Model

Widely used in the Internet Today

Why Another Model?
Although the OSI reference model is universally
recognized, the historical and technical open standard
of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol

stack make data communication possible between any
two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the
speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the

TCP/IP reference model because they wanted a network
that could survive in any conditions, even a nuclear war.
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Layers in TCP/IP Protocol Suite

4. Application Layer
3. Transport Layer
2. Internet Layer
1. Network Access Layer
Don’t Confuse the Models

7 Application

Application
6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport Transport

3 Network Internet

2 Data Link Network Access

1 Physical
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The Application Layer
The application layer of
the TCP/IP model
handles high-level
protocols, issues of
representation, encoding,
and dialog control.

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The Transport Layer

The transport layer provides transport services from the

source host to the destination host. It constitutes a logical
connection between these endpoints of the network.
Transport protocols segment and reassemble upper-layer
applications into the same data stream between
endpoints.
The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end
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transport services.
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented Layer
4 protocol that provides reliable full-duplex data transmission.

TCP is part of the TCP/IP protocol stack. In a connection-oriented

environment, a connection is established between both ends before
the transfer of information can begin.
TCP is responsible for breaking messages into segments,
reassembling them at the destination station, resending anything
that is not received, and reassembling messages from the
segments.TCP supplies a virtual circuit between end-user
applications.

The protocols that use TCP include:

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
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•
UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport
protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack.

UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without

acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and
retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols.

UDP uses no windowing or acknowledgments so reliability, if

needed, is provided by application layer protocols. UDP is designed
for applications that do not need to put sequences of segments
together.

The protocols that use UDP include:

• TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
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•
The Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to select
the best path through the network for packets
to travel. The main protocol that functions at
this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP). Best
path determination and packet switching occur
at this layer.

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The Network Access Layer
The network access layer is also called the host-to-
network layer. It the layer that is concerned with all of
the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a
physical link to the network media. It includes LAN
and WAN details, and all the details contained in the
OSI physical and data-link layers. NOTE: ARP & RARP
work at both the Internet and Network Access Layers.

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Comparing TCP/IP & OSI Models
NOTE: TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable
delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does.

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 SMTP:
 Simple mail transfer protocol
 FTP:
 File transfer protocol
 DNS
 Domain name system
 SNMP
 Simple network management protocol
 NFS
 Network file system
 TFTP
 Travail file transfer protocol
 TCP
 Transmission control protocol
 UDP
 User datagram protocol
 ICMP
 Internet control massage protocol
 ARP
 Address resolution protocol
 RARP
 Reverse address resolution protocol
 RPC
 Remote procedure call