Topic 2: Text and

Text Types
 1. What is a text?
2. Text and Text Types
 A text is …
 A language unit
 With a definable communicative function
 Can be spoken or written
 Size doesn’t matter:
“Don’t Litter!”
 2. Text Types
2. Text and Text Types
 Different texts serve different purposes:
 To tell a story
 To describe an entity or event
 To provide instructions on how to operate a device
 To convince someone of something
 To explain how something works
 Etc.
 Our society has evolved standard ways of writing a text for a
given purpose, e.g.,
 To tell a story  The Narrative
 To describe  Descriptive Text
 Provide instructions  Instructional Text
 To convince  Argumentative Structure
 To explain  Exposition
 2.1 Narrative Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Labov’s schema:
 Orientation (time and setting of the story)
 Complication of story, a quest, an obstacle or a series of
obstacles,
 a Resolution to the complication.
 (optional) a Coda, which signals the story is ended.
Title Sleeping Beauty
Once upon a time in a place far far away, there lived a beautiful
Orientation princess.
A wicked witch, jealous of her beauty, gave the princess a
Complication poisoned apple. The princess took a bite from the apple and fell
into a deep sleep from which no-one could wake her.
Years later, a handsome prince saw the sleeping princess, and
Resolution kissed her. The princess awoke, and they married
Coda and lived happily ever after.
 2.1 Narrative Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Real narratives go through cycles of this narrative structure:
 What happened first.

 What happened next.

 Etc.

 Characteristics of a Narrative
 Detail what happened and in which order
 Contain mainly actions: She bit the apple.
 some verbal: The bad witch said …
 some relational in the Orientation: She was very lonely.
 Mainly in simple past tense.
 Some past perfect to skip back to the past:
She had lost her way
 2.2 Descriptive Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Descriptive texts:
 Information describing a scene, person or object
Revered in times past as a sign of good fortune, this scarab is
beautiful. An inch long and inch wide, this beetle features a
deep cobalt blue body, blue and white Austrian Crystal wings,
and golden accents. It would look fabulous on your favorite
jacket.

Thomastown is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 17

km north from Melbourne's central business district. Its Local
Government Area is the City of Whittlesea. At the 2006
Census, Thomastown had a population of 20,603.
 2.2 Descriptive Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Characteristics of a Descriptive Text
 Use of relational processes: It is big, it has 2 sides
 Use of adjectives: He has very large eyes.
 Other noun modification (e.g. relative clauses)
 General structure is a LIST of attributes or facts
 Mostly simple present tense (universal truths)
 2.3 Instructional Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Information about how to achieve a goal
 Give the steps to follow

How to get onto Moodle:

1.Click on   www.uam-virtual.es
2.Click on: "Facultad de Filosogfia y Letras" (3rd in list)
3.In "Search Courses" box, type: lengua
4.Click "Go"
5.Click on: "Lengua Inglesa (EEII, LMCC)"
6.Click on the button where it says: “Create New Account” under “Is this your first time
here?”
7.Put in a username, your own password and fill out the rest of the form. You should enter
your official UAM student email address, but apparently others will work too.
…
 Characteristics of an Instructional Text:
 Sequences of actions: To clean the device: (1) (2) (3)
 Use of imperatives: Open the lid.
 Conditional Adjuncts: When the machine has stopped…
 Purpose Adjuncts: To open the case…
 2.4 Argumentative Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Present arguments for or against a case

Told by the campfire or as the plot of bestsellers, ghost stories have

long been a popular form of entertainment. But, entertaining as ghost
stories are, do ghosts themselves really exist? According to a 2001
Gallop poll, 38 percent of Americans would say yes. They believe that
the spirits of dead people do indeed walk among the living here on
Earth. Others, however, argue that no solid proof of ghosts' existence
has ever been found. They support their argument by pointing out that
ghosts seldom appear to those who do not already believe in their
existence.
 2.4 Argumentative Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Typical Structure (i):
 Present Thesis
 Present Evidence For
 Present counter-argument
 Defeat counter-argument
 Present Evidence Against
 Offer counter-argument
 Weigh evidence
 Reach conclusion
 Typical Structure (ii):
 Present Thesis
 Present Evidence For
 Present Evidence For
 Sum up argument
 2.4 Argumentative Texts
2. Text and Text Types
Characteristics
 Usually tries to appear objective, and to persuade by the logic
of the argument.
 Thus, emotive words avoided (low on subjective adjectives)
 Use of connectors to reveal the structure of the argument:
 Secondly, thus, as evidence of this, however, etc.
 Reference to authorities “Scientists believe…”
 2.5 Expository Texts
2. Text and Text Types
 Texts that explain some natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
 Provide factual information rather than try to convince (not an
argument).
 Can include a variety of texts, such as newspaper articles and
reports, textbooks, scientific and academic essays, which present
factual information.

Why does it rain?

Warm air turns the water from rivers, lakes, and oceans into water vapor
that rises into the air. That water vapor forms clouds, which contain small
drops of water or ice crystals (depending on how high the cloud is and
how cold it is).
As clouds rise higher and higher, the air gets colder and colder. When
the water vapor in the cloud becomes too heavy, it falls back to the
ground as rain or snow.
 2.5 Expository Texts
2. Text and Text Types
Generic structure:
1. A general statement to position the reader.
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

Characteristics:
 Focus on generic participants.
 Material and relational process.
 Temporal and causal circumstances and conjunctions.
 Use of simple present tense.
 Some use of passive to get Theme right.
 Detailed nominal groups
 Exercises: Text A
2. Text and Text Types
 Read the following text and answer the questions below.
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type? Notice that there might be
features that have not been included in the discussion above .

There was once an old farmer who owned a very stubborn

donkey. One evening, the farmer was trying to put his donkey
into its shed. The farmer pushed the donkey, but the donkey
wouldn’t move. Then the farmer pulled the donkey, but the
donkey still wouldn’t move ... as soon as the cat scratched the
dog, the dog began to bark. The barking dog frightened the
donkey who jumped immediately into its shed.
 Exercises: Text B
2. Text and Text Types
 Read the following text and answer the questions below.
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type? Notice that there might be
features that have not been included in the discussion above .

Remember the scepticism last year when the United States

banned most aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbons?
People found it hard to believe that squirting deodorant out of a
can was jeopardizing the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects
the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation. It was like finding out
that eating candy causes earthquakes.
 Exercises: Text B
2. Text and Text Types
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type?

Remember the scepticism last year when the United States banned most
aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbons? People found it hard to
believe that squirting deodorant out of a can was jeopardizing the
stratospheric ozone layer, which protects the earth from excessive
ultraviolet radiation. It was like finding out that eating candy causes
earthquakes.
But now almost all experts agree that ozone-eating aerosol gases do
indeed rise slowly into the stratosphere, where sunlight breaks them down
and releases chlorine that does in fact erode the ozone layer. Even worse,
the ozone seems to be eroding much faster than originally believed. The
threat has not been eliminated, only postponed, by the American ban.
“The Ozone” (Maccoun 1983)
 Exercises: Text C
2. Text and Text Types
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type?

The gardens of Lowfield Hall are overgrown now and weeds push their
way up through the gravel of the drive. One of the drawing-room windows,
broken by a village boy, has been boarded up, and wisteria, killed by
summer drought, hangs above the front door like an old dried net ...
There are six bedrooms in Lowfield Hall, a drawing room, a dining room, a
morning room, three bathrooms, a kitchen, and what are known as usual
offices. In this case, the usual offices were the back kitchen and the gun
room. On that April morning the house wasn’t exactly dirty, but it wasn’t
clean either. There was a bluish film on all the thirty-three windows, and
the film was decorated with fingerprints ...
From Ruth Rendell, A Judgement in Stone.
 Exercises: Text D
2. Text and Text Types
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type?

Yoghurt with walnuts and fresh coriander

Akhrote ka raita
Another cooling, nourishing dish. It may be eaten by itself or served
with Indian meals.
Serves 6
20 fl oz (570 ml) plain yoghurt
2 tablespoons finely chopped coriander
2 tablespoons chopped walnuts
Put the yoghurt in a bowl. Beat lightly with a fork or whisk until smooth
and creamy. Add all the other ingredients. Stir to mix.
 Exercises: Text E
2. Text and Text Types
1. Which of the 5 text types does this text belong to?
2. What grammatical features are in the text that allow you to say it
belongs to a particular text type?

Speech production is made possible by the specialised movements of our vocal

organs that generate speech sounds waves.
Like all sound production, speech production requires a source of energy. The
source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes
from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is
inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal
cords cause the air stream to vibrate.
As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air
stream into a series of puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is
still not speech.
To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech
we continually alter the shape of the vocal tract by moving the tongue and lips,
etc. These movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract, which in
turn produce the different sounds of speech.
(Text adapted by Gerot & Wignell 1994 from Denes & Pinson 1963)