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Introduction To Programming, Basic Structure of C Programs: ESC101: Fundamentals of Computing Nisheeth

This document provides an introduction to programming and the basic structure of C programs. It discusses how computers understand machine language and how high-level languages like C allow programs to be written in a way that is easier for humans. It explains that C programs are compiled from human-readable source code into machine-readable object code. The document then presents a simple "Hello World" example C program and describes its basic structure, including main functions, header files, statements, variables, and operators.

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Shorya Kumar

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

35 views19 pages

Introduction To Programming, Basic Structure of C Programs: ESC101: Fundamentals of Computing Nisheeth

Uploaded by

Shorya Kumar

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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Introduction to

Programming,
Basic Structure of C
ESC101: Fundamentals of Computing
Programs
Nisheeth
1
Announcements
 Please make sure you know your section number for ESC101
 Refer to the student list shared on the course website. Final list will be
uploaded by Friday evening.
 Regularly visit the course website. Slides for each lecture (and other
material) will be posted there. Slides in PPTX (Power-point) and PDF

 Please make sure you can access Piazza (and can get email
notifications of the messages posted on Piazza in real-time or digest
mode)

 Prutor availability
 During lab hours (1400-1500, M/Tu/Wed/Thu), only in NCL labs
 Outside lab hours, hostels, CC, NCL etc (NCL open till 2AM)
 Correct Prutor link: https://esc101.cse.iitk.ac.in/ (NOT https://prutor.cse.iitk.ac.in/)
2
Announcements
 When logging in on the lab machines (Linux/Windows), use
your CC id (without @iitk.ac.in) and your CC password

 When logging in on the Prutor website , use your CC id

(with @iitk.ac.in) and your CC password

 Unable to access the course website and Prutor?

 Are you using a data plan on your smart phone?
 Our course website, Prutor are internal, not accessible outside IITK
 Solution 1: use IITK computers (CC, NCL, hostel)
 Solution 2: install a VPN app on your smart phone
https://www.iitk.ac.in/ccnew/index.php/13-network/99-how-to-use-ssl-vpn
 Piazza is accessible from all places 3
Announcements
 Hindi lecture videos of many topics in ESC101 are available online
 https://onlinecourses.iitk.ac.in/esc101_hindi/ (created by Prof.
Rajat Mittal and his team, link also under References on course
website)

 We will soon hold some special sessions for students who do not
feel very comfortable with English (will discuss what is being
covered in lectures)
 Will circulate a form to ask if you need it

 We will soon hold a special lab session for students who are not
familiar with operating computers
 Will circulate a form to ask if you need it
4
Programming: Some Benefits
 Applications in Engineering (civil, chemical), Sciences,
Economics, AI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKIu9yen5nc

 Even artists, comedians need to code 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFwa5Owp0-k

 Be prepared for the future – job markets changing rapidly

 People who can code often deal with day-to-day problems

more efficiently 5
How to Communicate with Computers?
 We need a language to communicate with the computer
hardware

 The language should be one that the computer’s

hardware understands

Picture courtesy: www.professionaladviser.com/ 6

How to Communicate with Computers?
 One way is by using the machine language that the hardware
understands

 Every type of computer hardware has a specific machine language

 However, using machine language is tedious/unnatural for humans

 Also need to re-write machine code if we want to run the code on

another computer that has a different type of hardware – cumbersome
7
Hello World (in assembly language)

Intel x86, DOS

Intel x86, Linux

8
Computers and Programming
 A better alternative would be to write our programs in a
language that is

 Easy for us to write/understand

 Easy to port it to different types of computer hardware without

re-writing the code

 High-level programming languages like C make it possible

 How: Write the code in a high-level language and translate it

into machine language using another software called
“compiler” 9
Computers and Programming
 A better alternative would be to write our programs in a
language that is

 Easy for us to write/understand

 Easy to port it to different types of computer hardware

without re-writing the code

 High-level programming languages like C make it

possible
Program Compiler Equivalent Machine Language
in for C program on target hardware
C
10
languag
Low-level vs High-level Languages

High-level
(example: C) Low-level
(example: Assembly)
 Low-level: Form is closer to what the machine’s hardware
understands
 Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language

 High-level: Form is closer to what humans understand

 Examples: C, C++, Python, etc 11
Hello World

Compiled languages

C C++

Interpreted languages
python JavaScript

Runtime languages

Java 12
Programming Cycle for Compiled Languages
(The typical cycle)
YES
Write/Edit Compilation
Compile Succeeded ? Run
Code
NO

NO Got
Expected YES
Output? (more inputs?)

YES
Done
Some high-level languages are not compiled but use an “interp
mmunicate with the hardware (Example: Python, MATLAB, etc) 13
The C Programming Language
 A high-level programming language

 Originally developed by Dennis Ritchie (1972) to design the UNIX

operating system and applications running on UNIX

 Widely used. Many operating systems, and even parts of many other
programming languages such as Python were developed using C

 You are going to learn C language in this course

 Be patient at the beginning
 Some things may seem unfamiliar, strange for few days
 Will get used to these very quickly
 Best way to learn a new language – speak it and practice! (on Prutor and other
places)
14
A Simple C Program

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
printf(“Welcome to ESC101”);
return 0;
}
The program prints “Welcome to ESC101”
(without the quotes) 15
Structure of A Simple C Program
Every C program’s entry point
(program’s execution starts Tells C compiler to include the standard
here) is the main function input/output library stdio.h (collection of
with return type integer functions such as printf, scanf, etc)

#include<stdio.h> main function

must open with
int main(){ left curly brace {
printf function prints a user
specified output
printf(“Welcome to ESC101”);
return 0;
main function
must close with } The main function must return
Every statement in a C program
must end with semi-colon ;
right curly brace } an integer (return 0 means successful
execution of program)

printf(“Welcome to ESC101”) and return 0 are ‘statements’ in the abo

code. Each C statement must end with a semi-colon ; 16
Another Simple C Program
Spaces are okay at some places 1 2
# include <stdio.h> a b
int main () { Each variable’s declaration creates a “box” big
enough to store it at a location in computer’s 3
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
main memory (RAM)
c
Assigning a value to the variable
int c; writes that value in the box
= and + are “operators”
c = a + b;
printf(“Result is %d”, c); = is assignment operator

return 0; + is addition operator

} a+b is an “expression”

The program prints the message “Result is 17

Multiple Ways of Writing Code: Same Effect
# include <stdio.h>

int main () {
Explore, practice. It
# include <stdio.h> int main () {
int a; # include <stdio.h>

will take only a few Declare all then

int a = 1; int b; int main () {
int b = 2; int c; assign values int a = 1;
int b = 2; Shortcut
days to internalize.
int c; a = 1;
c = a + b; b = 2; int c = a + b;
printf(“Result is %d”, c); c = a + b; printf(“Result is %d”, c);
return 0;
}
return 0;
return 0; How will I
printf(“Result is %d”, c);
}
}
remember
# include <stdio.h>
all this?
int main () { # include <stdio.h>
Shortcut int main () {
int a,b,c; Shortcut
a = 1; int a=1,b=2,c;
b = 2; c = a + b;
c = a + b; printf(“Result is %d”, c);
printf(“Result is %d”, c); return 0;
return 0; }
}