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    Hydrology and Water Resources9

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    Hazem Almasry
    This document discusses how various catchment characteristics affect surface runoff. It describes how catchment area, main stream length, slope, orientation, shape, annual rainfall, stream frequency, base flow index, and lake/reservoir area all impact the rate and quantity of runoff discharge from a catchment. It also defines key hydrology terms like runoff, overland flow, stream flow, baseflow, and different types of streams (perennial, intermittent, ephemeral).

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    Hydrology and Water Resources9

    Uploaded by

    Hazem Almasry
    17 views26 pages
    This document discusses how various catchment characteristics affect surface runoff. It describes how catchment area, main stream length, slope, orientation, shape, annual rainfall, stream frequency, base flow index, and lake/reservoir area all impact the rate and quantity of runoff discharge from a catchment. It also defines key hydrology terms like runoff, overland flow, stream flow, baseflow, and different types of streams (perennial, intermittent, ephemeral).

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    This document discusses how various catchment characteristics affect surface runoff. It describes how catchment area, main stream length, slope, orientation, shape, annual rainfall, stream frequency, base flow index, and lake/reservoir area all impact the rate and quantity of runoff discharge from a catchment. It also defines key hydrology terms like runoff, overland flow, stream flow, baseflow, and different types of streams (perennial, intermittent, ephemeral).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views26 pages

    Hydrology and Water Resources9

    Uploaded by

    Hazem Almasry
    This document discusses how various catchment characteristics affect surface runoff. It describes how catchment area, main stream length, slope, orientation, shape, annual rainfall, stream frequency, base flow index, and lake/reservoir area all impact the rate and quantity of runoff discharge from a catchment. It also defines key hydrology terms like runoff, overland flow, stream flow, baseflow, and different types of streams (perennial, intermittent, ephemeral).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Hydrology and Water

    Resources

    Heba Hamad
    Surface Runoff

    The Engineering Problem !!!


    Catchment characteristics and their effects
    on runoff
    It is appropriate to consider how various properties of
    the catchment area affect the rate and quantity of
    discharge from it.
    Catchment area – watershed:
    Catchment characteristics and their effects
    on runoff
    Catchment area:
    The area is usually bounded by the topographic water
    divide.
    If runoff is expressed not as total quantity for a
    catchment but as a quantity per unit area, it is
    observed that peak runoff decreases as the catchment
    area increases
    Catchment characteristics and their effects
    on runoff
    Main Stream Length
    This is measured in km from the gauging station or
    catchment outfall.
    Slope of catchment:
    The more steeply the ground surface is sloping, the
    more rapidly will surface runoff travel, so that
    concentration times will be shorter and flood peaks
    higher.
    Infiltration capacities tend to be lower as slopes get
    steeper.
    Catchment characteristics and their effects
    on runoff
    Catchment Orientation:
    Orientation is important with respect to the
    meteorology of the area in which the catchment lies. If
    the prevailing winds and lines of storm movement
    have a particular seasonal pattern, the runoff
    hydrograph will depend to some degree on the
    catchment orientation.
    Catchment characteristics and their effects
    on runoff
    Shape of Catchment
    Annual average rainfall
    Stream frequency
    Base flow index: This is an index calculated as the
    ratio of the flow under the separated hydrograph to
    the flow under the total hydrograph.
    Lake and reservoir area: They act as surface water
    stores and have the effect of smoothing out the
    hydrographs of catchment that contain them.
    Key Definitions:
    Runoff : normally applies to flow over a surface

    Overland flow: when soil moisture storage and


    depression storage are filled, “excess” rainfall generates
    overland flow.
    Stream flow: is used to describe the drainage after it
    reaches a defined channel

    Baseflow: contribution to stream flow from


    groundwater
    -Perennial Stream
    A stream which always carries some flow. It is always
    fed from groundwater base flow. Even during dry
    seasons the water table will be above the bed of the
    stream.
    -An intermittent stream
    Stream is fed from groundwater base only in the wet
    season. During the wet season the water table is above
    the stream bed. During dry seasons the water table
    drops to a level lower than that of the stream bed; and
    therefore the stream dries up.
    -An ephemeral steam
    No contribution from groundwater (base flow) to the
    stream (most rivers in arid zones) 23
    Stream is
    always fed
    from
    groundwater
    base flow

    24
    Stream is fed
    from
    Groundwater
    base only in
    the wet season

    25
    No
    contribution
    from
    groundwater
    (base flow) to
    the stream
    (most rivers in
    arid zones)

    26

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