In the name of

The most beneficent & The most

merciful

RADIO AND TV
1
ANTENNA
 RACHNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RADIO AND TV
2
ANTENNA
 OVER-CURRENT
PROTECTION

RADIO AND TV ANTENNA 3

 PRESENTED BY:
SARA MUQEET 06-RCET-EE-12
FATIMA TASEER 06-RCET-EE-21
ASAD NAEEM 06-RCET-EE-22
HAMID GULZAR 06-RCET-EE-32

RADIO AND TV ANTENNA 4

 Simple Power System
Every power system has three major components

Generator
T.L
Load
Transmission Line
Distribution
1) Generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
2) Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as
a perfect conductor
3) Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value

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 PROTECTION SYSTEM
The protection system is designed and managed to deliver
the energy to the utilization points with:
 Reliability
 Economy
 Expensive equipment safety like:
 Generator
 Transformer
 Transmission lines
 Bus bars

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 FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM

Fault is defined as any abnormal condition that

effects the basic requirements of normal power
system.
When any fault occurs in any power system, then:
– Current increases
– Voltage decreases
– Frequency varies
– Phase difference created

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 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN
DESIGN PROTECTION SYSTEM

 Types of fault and abnormal Conditions to be

protected against
 Quantities available for measurement
 Types of protection available
 Speed
 Fault position discrimination
 Dependability / reliability
 Security / stability

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 Basic Components of Power System
Protection
 Voltage transformers and current
transformers. To monitor and give accurate
feedback about healthiness of a system.

 Relays to accurately sense all types of faults

and issue trip commands to circuit breaker to
disconnect the faulty system.

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 Type of protection
 Over current.
 Directional over current.
 Distance.
 Over voltage.
 Differential.
 Reverse power.
 Other.

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 HAMID GULZAR
2006-RCET-EE-32

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 PROTECTION RELAY
Relay is a device which detects the defective lines or
apparatus in a power system and initiates an appropriate
control action.
OR

An electrical relay is defined as a device which operates

when the prescribed quantity is out of limits

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FUNCTION OF RELAY:

-to detect the presence of fault

-identify the faulted components
-initiate appropriate circuit breaker
-remove the effective component from circuit

PURPOSE:
-control
-protection
-regulation
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 Fault Clearing Time
It is the time between the instant of fault and
instant of final are interruption.
It is the sum of relay-time and circuit breaker-
time.
Fault clearing time = Relay time + breaker time
 Relay time:

The relay time is the time between the instant of

occurrence of fault and the instant of closure of relay
contacts.
Circuit breaker time:
The breaker time is the total of time taken by operating
mechanism to open to circuit breaker contacts and the
arching time. It is also called total break time.

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 TYPES OF RELAYS
 There are five basic types of relays.
 MAGNITUDE RELAYS: Its operation based on the magnitude of
input quantities. Over current relay is an example of this type of
relay.
 DIRECTIONAL RELAYS: It responds to the phase angle
difference between two AC quantities, for example, phase angle of
a sinusoidal current with respect to sinusoidal voltage.
 RATIO RELAY: It responds to the ratio of two AC quantities. The
most common ratio relay is impedances relay.
 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: It responds to the algebraic sum of two
or more inputs.
 PILOT RELAYS: These relays use communicated

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 OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION

-The protection in which the relay picks up when the

magnitude of current exceeds the pickup level.
-over current includes short-circuit protection.
-Short circuits can be
-Phase faults
-Earth faults
-Winding faults
Short-circuit currents are generally several
times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence fast
fault clearance is always desirable on short
-circuits. 17
PRIMARY REQUIREMENT OF
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Primary requirements of over-current protection are:
-The protection should not operate for starting
currents, permissible over current, current surges.
To achieve this, the time delay is provided (in case
of inverse relays).
-The protection should be co-ordinated with
neighboring over current protection.
-over current relay is a basic element of over current
protection.

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 Setting Rules
 Pickup Setting
a. It should be above normal currents & below minimum fault
currents.
b. If possible, it may provide a backup-role.
c. The setting is calculated using max load current and
minimum fault current.
 Time-Delay Setting
a. A time dial provides relative positions between the moving
and fixed contacts.
b. Dial setting from ½ (fastest) to 10 (slowest)
 APPLICATIONS OF
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
MOTOR PROTECTION:
-used against overloads and short-circuits in stator windings of motor.
-Inverse time and instantaneous over current phase and ground
over current relays used for motors above 1000kW.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
-used only when the cost of over current relays are not justified
-extensively also at power-transformer locations for external-fault back-
up protection.
LINE PROTECTION:
-on some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying
cannot be justified.
-primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where
distance relays are used for phase faults
-for ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for
primary protection.
 FATIMA TASEER
2006-RCET-EE-21

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 OVERCURRENT RELAY
RATINGS
In order for an over current protective device to operate properly,
over current protective device ratings must be properly selected.
These ratings include
voltage, ampere and interrupting rating.
Of the three of the ratings, perhaps the most important and most often
overlooked
is the interrupting rating. If the interrupting rating is not properly.
selected, a serious hazard for equipment and personnel will exist.
Current limiting can be considered as another over current protective
device rating, although not all over current protective devices are
required to have this characteristic.

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 VOLTAGE RATING
The voltage rating of the over current protective device must be at
least equal to or greater than the circuit voltage. The over current
protective device rating can be higher than the system voltage but
never lower.
The voltage rating
determines the ability of the over current protective device to suppress
and extinguish the internal arcing that occurs during the opening
of an over current condition. If an over current protective device is
used with a voltage rating lower than the circuit voltage, arc suppression
and the ability to extinguish the arc will be impaired and, under
some over current conditions, the over current protective device may
not clear the over current safely

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 AMPERE RATING
Every over current protective device has a specific ampere
rating. In selecting the ampere rating of the over current
protective device, consideration must be given to the type
of load and code requirements.
The ampere rating of a over current protecting device
normally should not
exceed the current carrying capacity of the conductors
As a general rule, the ampere rating of a over current
protecting device is
selected at 125% of the continuous load current

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 INTERRUPTING CURRENT
RATING
Interrupting rating is defined as
the highest current at rated voltage that a device is intended to
interrupt
under standard test conditions.
An over current protective device must be able to withstand
the destructive energy of short-circuit currents.
If a fault current exceeds the interrupting rating of the over
current protective device, the device may actually rupture,
causing additional damage.

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 SETTINGS IN OVER
CURRENT RELAY
There are two types of settings

 1) Current Setting
 2) Time Setting
CURRENT SETTING:

The over current relay is set at 50% to

200% of the rated current. The actual
r.m.s current flowing in the relay is
expressed as a multiple of the setting
current (pick-up current) is known as the
plug setting multiplier (PSM).
PSM = Secondary current
Relay current setting
Time Setting:

The operating time of the relay can be set

at a desired value. In induction disc type
relay, the angular distance by which the
moving part of the relay travels for
closing the contacts can be adjusted to
get different operating time. There are 10
steps in which time can be set. The term
time multiplier setting (TMS) is used for
these steps of time settings.
SARA MUQEET KHAN
2006-RCET-EE-12
TYPES OF OVERCURRENT
RELAYS
 OVERCURRENT RELAY

INSTANTANEOUS TIME TIME OVERCURRENT

OVERCURRENT RELAY RELAY

INVERSE DEFINITE
TIME TIME

MODERETLY VERY EXTREMELY

INVERSE INVERSE INVERSE
 INSTANTANEOUS TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY

-operates in a definite time when current

exceeds its pick-up value.
-operating time is constant.
-there is no intentional time delay.
-it operates in 0.1s or less
TIME OVERCURRENT
RELAY
 DEFINITE TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY
-operates after a predetermined time, as
current exceeds its pick-up value.
-operating time is constant
-its operation is independent of the
magnitude of current above the pick-up
value.
-it has pick-up and time dial settings,desired
time delay can be set with the help of an
intentional time delay mechanism.
 INVERSE TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY
-operates when current exceeds its pick-up
value
-operating time depends on the magnitude of
current
-there is inverse relation between current and
operating time
-based on the inverseness it has three different
types
 INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM
TIME OVERCURRENT(IDMT)
RELAY
-gives inverse time current characteristics at
lower values of fault current and definite time
characteristics at higher values
-an inverse characteristic is obtained if the value
of plug setting multiplier is below 10, for
values between 10 and 20, characteristics tend
towards definite time characteristics.
-widely used for the protection of distribution
lines
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 VERY INVERSE TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY
-gives more inverse characteristics than that
of IDMT.
-used where there is a reduction in fault
current, as the distance from source
increases.
-particularly effective with ground faults
because of their steep characteristics.

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 EXTREMELY INVERSE
OVERCURRENT RELAY
 -it has more inverse characteristics than that
of IDMT and very inverse overcurrent
relay.
 -suitable for the protection of machines
against overheating
 -for the protection of alternators,
transformers.expensive cables,etc.
 TIME- CURRENT
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS
 References
 Protective Relay Application Guide

 The Art and Science of Protecticve Relays

 By
 C. Russel Masin

 Power System Protection

 By
 Padthankay
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Thank you !

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