COMMUNICATION BASICS

July 2011

Schneider Electric - ONE Energy project 1

 Index

● Communication Definition

● Communication Modes & Interfaces

● Fibre Optic

● Networks

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Communication Definition
● What is communication ?
● General  Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting
or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech,
writing, or signs

● Technical Exchange of information to fulfil a specified function

● What is Tele-communication ?
● Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a
distance for the purpose of communication

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Communication Interfaces
● What is a Transmission medium ?
● A physical information carrier is called as a transmission
medium

● Different communication mediums

● Copper (Dedicated Copper )

● Wireless (Electromagnetic waves – Ex. Radio frequency

etc.,)

● Optical

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Communication Interfaces
● Communication Modes
● Simplex A simplex system provides for communication in one
directions, ie a device can be a receiver or transmitter exclusively.
Ex. Radio stations or Car Radio

● Half Duplex A half-duplex system provides for communication in

both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously).
Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the
transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying.
Ex. walkie-talkie

● Full Duplex  A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system

allows communication in both directions, and unlike half-duplex,
allows this to happen simultaneously.
Ex. PSTN Telephone

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Communication Interfaces
● Different communication interfaces

● Serial

● Parallel

● Ethernet

Physical Communication

Serial Parallel Ethernet

RS232
RS485
RS422
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Communication Interfaces
● Serial – Data Transmitted bit by bit
Numerical Relay

Host
station

RS serial interface
1
Communication 0
Port 1
1
0
0 101100

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Communication Interfaces - Serial RS 232 ,485
SPECIFICATIONS RS232 RS485

Single
Cabling -Ended
Multi Drop

1 Transmit 32 Transmit
Number of Devices 1 Receiver 32 Receiver

Communication Mode Full Duplex Half Duplex

4000 Ft. at
50 Ft. at 19.2 Kbps
Maximum Distanace 15MT
100 Kbps
1200MT

Maximum Data Rate 19.2 Kbps at 50 Ft 10 Mbps for 50 Ft

Signaling Unbalanced Balanced

Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-25V -7V to +12V

Input Level Min. +/- 3V 0.2V Difference

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BALANCED MODE OF TRANSMISSION
A balanced circuit (or transmission device) sends
the signal via two different paths - with each path
maintaining the same impedance with respect to the
signal ground (eg zero potential).

UNBALANCED MODE OF TRANSMISSION

With an unbalanced line, the signal is transmitted
over a single path - so the transmitter only has a
single output. For the receiver, the waveform is
referenced against ground again, to determine the
signal. It's called unbalanced `cos the impedances
are different at each point (signal and ground).

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Communication Interfaces - Parallel

 Parallel communication is a method of sending several data

signals over a communication link at one time . The basic
difference between a parallel and a serial communication channel
is the number of distinct wires or strands at the physical layer
used for simultaneous transmission from a device.

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Connectors
»Serial Connector »Parallel Connector

»RJ45 Connector »RJ45 Cable

»RJ11 connector »RJ 11

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Communication Interface : Ethernet
• It is a family of frame based networking technologies for local area network

 easy to understand, implement, manage and maintain

 low cost
 strong industry support
 continuous development (switching, speed, fiber, wireless, ...)
 extensive topological flexibility
 covers from Local to Wide Area Networking

30 years of history

 developed in the 70s
 1983 : IEEE std
 early 90’s : Switched Ethernet
 1997 : Fast Ethernet 100Mbps
 1999 : Gigabit Ethernet 1Gbps
 2002 : 10 Gigabit Ethernet ( IEEE802.3ae)

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IEEE 802.3 PHY Layer Standards
10Mbps :
 10Base-5 10 Megabit Ethernet on 500-meter segments of coaxial cable
 10Base-2 10 Megabit Ethernet on 200-meter segments of thin coaxial cable
 10Base-T 10 Megabit Ethernet on 200-meter loops of unshielded twisted pair copper
 10Base-FL 10 Megabit Ethernet on 2km multimode fiber optic cables at 850 nm

100Mbps Fast Ethernet / 100BaseX

 100Base-T 100 Megabit Ethernet on 200-meter loops of unshielded twisted pair copper
 100Base-FX 100 Megabit Ethernet on 2km multimode or 10km single mode fiber optic
cables at 1310 nm
 100Base-SX 100 Megabit Ethernet on 2km multimode fiber optic cables at 850 nm

1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet on 30 meter loops of unshielded twisted pair copper
 1000Base-LX Gigabit Ethernet on 2km multimode or 10km single mode fiber at 1310 nm
(Longer wavelength)
 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet on 2km multimode fiber optic cables at 850 nm (shorter
wavelength)

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MAC & IP Addresses

● MAC (Media Access Control) Address is physical

● Can’t be changed
● Fixed to manufacturers
Areva
● 48 bits, arranged as 6 hex digit pairs
● 00-02-84-01-68-EA
00-02-84
● IP Address is logical
● Assigned (Manually or Automatically)
Private
● More useful for device identification
Network
● 32 bits arranged as 4 decimal triplets
192.168
● 192.168.001.020
● (IPv4)

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Protocols and communication mediums used in
Interface
Serial
• Protocols
Modbus
IEC 101, 103
DNP3.0
Courier
• Mediums
Copper
Fibre Optic

Ethernet
• Protocols
Modbus
IEC 104
DNP3.0
IEC 61850
• Mediums
Copper
Fibre Optic

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FIBRE OPTIC

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Fiber Optic Communications
It is based on the principle that light in a glass medium can carry
more information over longer distances than electrical signals can
carry in a copper

Few Transmission losses

Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference

Light weight

Non Flammable

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Optical Fiber Categories
Multi mode Fiber
 Larger core
 low cost
 Allows hundreds of modes of light to propagate simultaneously
 Used for shorted distance applications

Single Mode Fiber

 Smaller core
 Allows only one mode of light at a time to propagate
 Used for longer distance applications

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Optical Fiber Categories

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Optical Connectors
»SC/PC Connectors »FC/PC Connectors

»NEW: LC/PC Connectors »ST Connectors

»Male to Female attenuators

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NETWORK GENERALITIES

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Network Topology

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NETWORK REDUNDANCY

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Definition of redundancy

● When we have 2 alternate paths from one source and one

destination.

● 2 kind of redundancy:
● Active redundancy: both links are active
● Passive redundancy: one link is active, the other one is in standby mode

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Network Redundancy - Spanning Tree
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1d
 It is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area
network.
 Basic function to prevent bridged loops
 Spanning tree also allows a network design to include spare (redundant) links to provide
automatic backup paths if an active link fails .
 Takes 30 to 60sec to converge (depending on size and topology)

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1w

 It provides for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change
 It able to respond to a topology change within a 6 sec or with in few millisec.

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 Needs of Ethernet redundancy
in DCS applications
Redundancy of the Ethernet network

• Cover the N-1 fault of any Ethernet element

• Ensure no data loss
• Have the shortest Ethernet network
reconfiguration time
• Limit Ethernet traffic path modification on fault
• Provide a proof solution

The solution :
PACiS Ring Ethernet architecture
with Self-Healing Mechanism
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PACiS Ethernet Redundant ring architecture

PACiS OI

PACiS GTW MiCOM H352

Din Case

Fast Ethernet TCP/IP MMS IEC 61850

SWR20x board
MiCOM H352 inside MiCOM C264
Din Case

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PACiS Ethernet Ring

MiCOM Ethernet redundant ring switch catalog

• MiCOM H35x - DIN case for pannel & cubicle mounting

• MiCOM H352 : 6 Tx & 2 Fx multi-mode
• MiCOM H354 : 6 Tx & 2 Fx single-mode

• SWR20x - board directly integrated in MiCOM C264

• SWR 202 : 4 Tx & 2 Fx multi-mode
• SWR 204 : 4 Tx & 2 Fx single-mode

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 How works PACiS Redundant Ethernet Ring

The MiCOM H35 & SWR20x SHM manage the ring

• During nominal situation, Ethernet packet goes in

primary fibre always in the same direction, and
only a checking frame (4 bytes) is sent every 5ms
in secondary fibre in the opposite direction.
Primary fibre

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

switch switch switch

switch switch
RP EP
C D E
A B

ES RS

Secondary fibre
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 How works PACiS Redundant Ethernet Ring
If the connection between 2 H35x or SWR20x is broken
 The Ethernet network will continue to run correctly.
 Both SHM start immediately the network self-healing.
 At one side, the messages received are no more emitted to
the primary fibre but to the secondary fibre.
 On the other side of the cut off, the messages received to
secondary are emitted to primary and the new topological
loop is closed. Primary fibre

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

switch switch switch

switch switch
RP EP
C D E
A B

ES RS

Secondary fibre
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 PACiS Ethernet Self Healing

●When a fibre is broken

● Detection by the both end stations
● Auto reclose of the ring using the two networks

MiCOM H35 MiCOM H35

PACiS Ethernet PACiS Ethernet

MiCOM
C264 + IEC61850 ring network
MiCOM
C264 +
IEC61850 ring network
SWR20x
Normal conditions SWR20x Self Healed
MiCOM MiCOM
C264 + C264 +
SWR20x SWR20x

MiCOM H35 MiCOM H35

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Dual star (Dual homing-optical)-AREVA
SCADA or
PACiS GATEWAYS PACiS OI

TX Copper link MiCOM H362

H362
FX Optical fibre Ethernet
MiCOM H6xx
RS485, RS422 MiCOM H6xx
Optical star
Optical star

C264C C264
H362 +SWD + SWD
Ethernet up to
6 links
C264

Ethernet - RS485
up to 4
links
RS485

Bay level Bay level Bay level

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

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Redundancy – competitor situation
Protection vendors   Ethernet Switch vendors

  AREVA Siemens GE RuggedCom GarrettCom

           

  C264/H3xx SIPROTEC 4 UR, URplus    

           

Redundancy Integral Integral Integral Integral Integral

Number of
nodes in one
loop 96 29 30 80 50+

Redundancy
Method 1 SHP "quasi-RSTP" "Smart RSTP" eRSTP "S-Ring"

Method 1
Proprietary/
Standard Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary

Method 1 <<1ms in a variable, but

Recovery ring and 0 in a 10ms per generally
time star node?? ? 5ms per switch <500ms

Redundancy
Method 2     RSTP RSTP STP
Method 2
Proprietary/
Standard     Standard Standard Standard
Method 2 <<1ms in a
Recovery ring and 0 in a 10ms per approx. 30
time star node?? >300ms >300ms seconds

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Competitors comparison
Protection products
Security

3 ms Required by 61850
Areva SHP

NARI

ABB

Areva RSTP

SIEMENS
“Ruggedcom”

SEL RSTP

Recovery time
GE “Garretcom”
ABB

1ms 50 to 100ms 200ms 300ms >30s

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Competitors comparison
Switches
Security

3 ms Required by 61850
Areva SHP

ABB eRSTP
“Ruggedcom”

Ruggedcom eRSTP

ZIV High speed RSTP

Ruggedcom RSTP

ABB RSTP
“Ruggedcom”

ZIV

SEL

Recovery time
Garrettcom S-RING Garrettcom STP

ZIV STP

1ms 4 to 5ms 300ms 500ms >30s

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Thank you

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