Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6|VIDEO
CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6
CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6
 Why sound
is
important?
What are
Type of the unit use
sound to measure
sound?

SOUND

Format for 2 types of

audio sound are?

Describe
monophonic
and
stereophonic

CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6

 What is video?

Video
Shooting and compressions
editing video. and file
formats.

CONTENT
Video
Broadcast
recording
video
and tape
standards.
formats.

Analog video
&
digital video.

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 What is video?
Video is an electronic medium for the
recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and
display of moving visual media.
Video was first developed for mechanical
television systems.
Video makes use of all the elements of
multimedia, bringing your products and
services alive, but at a high cost

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 Analog->Digital Signal
(Digitizing the video
signal)
Analog video is essentially a product of
the television industry and therefore
conforms to television standards.
Digital video is a product of the
computing industry and therefore
conforms to digital data standards.
Is usually recorded and played as an
analog signal.
It must therefore be digitized in order
to be incorporated into a multimedia
title.

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Analog->Digital Signal
(Digitizing the video signal)

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Signal processing

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 Video File Formats
Motion Pictures Expert Group (.mpg)
Quicktime (.mov)
Audio Video Interleaved (.avi)
Windows Media Video (.wmv)
Adobe Flash video (.flv)

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Analog Video
Video information that is stored using
television video signals, film, videotape or
other non-computer media
Each frame is represented by a fluctuating
voltage signal known as an analogue wave
form or composite video (analog video
transmission)

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 Interlacing effects
Used in standard television
formats (analog)
Displays only half of the
horizontal lines at a time (the first
field, containing the odd-numbered
lines, is displayed, followed by the
second field, containing the even-
numbered lines)

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CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6
Interlacing

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CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6
Interlacing effects/ Combing

Result of an incorrect frame rate conversion

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 Analog Video
Broadcast Video Standards
There are a number of TV Standards worldwide. Not all television sets
in the world are alike. Countries use one of the three main video
standards – PAL, NTSC or SECAM. What this means is that a video
from a PAL country will not play in a country that uses the NTSC
standard.
The two mains power frequencies worldwide are 50Hz and 60Hz.
This meant that there was an immediate division in the TV standards -
the one with 25 frames per second (50 Hz) and 30 frames per
second (60 Hz). Most of the compatibility problems between TV
standards across the world stem from this basic difference in
frequencies.
A typical TV picture consists of 525 to 625 lines.

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 Analog Video
Broadcast Video Standards
Three analog Broadcast Video Standards :

NTSC PAL SECAM

National Sequential
Television Phase
Color and
Standards Alternate Line
Memory
Committee

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Broadcast Video Standards
National Television Standards Committee
(NTSC)

• These • It has • Used in

standards screen United
define a resolution States,
method for of 525 Canada,
encoding horizontal Mexico and
information scan lines Japan
into and a scan
electronic rate of 30
signal that frames per
creates a second.
television
picture.
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Broadcast Video Standards
Phase Alternate Line (PAL)

• PAL has a screen • Used in United

resolution of 625 Kingdom, Western
horizontal lines and Europe, Australia,
a scan rate of 25 South Africa, China
frames per second and South America.

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Broadcast Video Standards
Sequential Color and Memory (SECAM)

• SECAM has a • SECAM • Used in

screen differs from France,
resolution NTSC and Eastern
of 625 PAL color Europe and
horizontal systems in few other
lines and is a its basic countries
50 Hz technology
system and
broadcast
method.

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CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6
NTSC PAL
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Analog Video

Overscan Underscan Safe Title Area

Overscan occurs Underscan occurs Safe title area is
when an image is when computer where the
larger than the monitors display image/text will
standard TV a smaller image not be affected by
screen on picture tube. over scanning,
even in the worst
conditions.

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QUESTION TO
PONDER??

Is it applicable for
Malaysia to cut off
the transmission of
analogue TV?

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 Digital Video

 The output is digitized by the

camera into a sequence of
single frames.
 The video and audio data are
compressed before being
written to a tape or digitally
stored.

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Digital Video

 Multiple HDTV
formats exist.
 Resolutions and frame
rates vary.
 The aspect ratio of
HDTV is 16:9.

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Digital Video
CRT and LCD displays
 Interlacing and progressive scan technologies
 Most computer video output is greater than 1024 x 768.
 Overscan and safe title area
 Every analog TV displays differently.
 Editing systems use action safe and title safe overlays.

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Digital Television
Digital television owes its adoption to file compression technology.
The digital television signal takes up much less bandwidth than an
analog signal because the digital files are compressed before they
are transmitted.
In addition to normal file compression, this video compression only
transmits the portions of the next frame that changes, which can
drastically reduce the file size.

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 Digital Video Compression

Because of the large sizes associated with video files, video

compression/decompression programs, known as codecs, have been
developed.
These programs can substantially reduce the size of video files, which
means that more video can fit on a single CD and that the speed of
transferring video from a CD to the computer can be increased.

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Digital Video Compression
MPEG is an algorithm that can compress data to form small bits
that can be easily transmitted and then decompressed.
MPEG-4 includes numerous multimedia capabilities and is a
preferred standard for graphic and video compression.
MPEG-7 (or Multimedia Content Description Interface)
integrates information about motion video elements with
their use.

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Broadcast Video Standards
Advanced Television Systems Committee
(ATSC)
ATSC is for Digital Television (DTV)

This digital standard provides

TV stations with sufficient
bandwidth to present four or
five Standard Television
(STV) signals or one High
Definition TV (HDTV) signal.

This standard allows for

transmission of data to
computers and for new
Advanced TV (ATV) interactive
services.

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How streaming video works?

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Video Recording : Analog

Composite Analog Video Component Analog Video

- Composite video combines the - Component video separates the

luminance and chroma luminance and chroma information.
information from the video - It improves the quality of the video
signal. and decreases generation loss.
- Composite video produces
lowest quality video and is most - In S-video, color and luminance
susceptible to generation loss. information are kept on two separate
- Generation loss is the loss of tracks (Y/C) to improve the picture
quality that occurs while quality.
moving from original footage to - Betacam is a new portable
editing master to copy. professional video format which lays
the signal on the tape in three
component channels.
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Analog Video
Analog Video Transfer Method

Component video separates color and brightness

over three cables.

S-video (separate video) separates color and

brightness over
two wires.

Composite video transmits the whole video signal

in a single cable.

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Video Recording : Analog

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Video Recording : Analog

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Video Recording : Digital

Composite Digital Video Component Digital Video

- Composite digital recording - Component digital formats add the

formats combine the luminance advantages of component signals to
and chroma information. digital recording.
- They sample the incoming - D-1 component digital format is an
waveforms and encode the uncompressed format which has a
information in binary (0/1) very high-quality image.
digital code.
- It improves color and image - Several other digital component
resolution and eliminates formats are DCT, Digital Betacam, DV
generation loss. format, DVCPRO, and DVCAM formats.

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Video Recording : Digital

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 Video format converters
Produce more than one version of your video to ensure that video will
play on all the devices and in all the browsers necessary for your
project’s distribution.

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Shooting and Editing Video
Storyboarding
Successful video production requires planning.

CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6

Shooting and Editing Video
Storyboarding
Successful video production requires planning.

CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6

Shooting and Editing Video
Storyboarding
Successful video production requires planning.

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Shooting and Editing Video

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 Shooting and Editing Video
Wide panoramic shots and camera motion should be avoided when shooting for a
small computer window on CD-ROM or the Web.

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Shooting and Editing Video
Lighting
Always strive for adequate lighting.

CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6

Shooting and Editing Video
Lighting
Always strive for adequate lighting.

CSC253 INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA| CHAPTER 6

Shooting and Editing Video
Lighting
Always strive for adequate lighting.

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Shooting and Editing Video
Chroma Keys
Blue screen or chroma key editing is used to superimpose subjects over
different backgrounds

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Shooting and Editing Video
Chroma Keys
Blue screen or chroma key editing is used to superimpose subjects over
different backgrounds

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Shooting and Editing Video
Compositions

Consider the delivery medium when composing shots.

Use close-up and medium shots when possible.
Move the subject, not the lens.
Beware of backlighting.
Adjust the white balance.

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Shooting and Editing Video
Titles and text

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 Remember video
Shooting and Editing Video codecs are lossy;
Nonlinear editing avoid re-editing.

High-end software has a steep learning curve.

• Adobe’s Premiere, Apple’s Final Cut, Avid’s Media Composer

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 Remember video
Shooting and Editing Video codecs are lossy;
Nonlinear editing avoid re-editing.

Simple editing software is free with the operating system.

• Microsoft’s Windows Live Movie Maker, Apple’s iMovie.

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ANY QUESTION??!

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Tutorial
1. Give TWO (2) considerations for successfully shooting and
editing a video.
2. List THREE (3) examples of analog broadcast video
standards.
3. Briefly explain about codec and its function in video
production.

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