Information Technology For Managers: Session 6 by Prof. Arun Mishra

Information Technology
for Managers
Session 6
By
Prof. Arun Mishra
Learning Objectives
In this session you will learn:

 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High-level Language
 Object-oriented Language
 Compilers
 Interpreters
 Subroutines
Computer Language
• A language that is acceptable to a
computer system is called computer
language or programming language.
• A computer Language is used by a
programmer to instruct a computer
what he wants to do something.
Types of Computer Language
 Machine Level Language
 Assembly Language
 High Level Language
 Fourth level Language
 Object oriented Language.
Machine Level Language
 Machine language of a computer is
written as string of binary ‘1’ & ‘o’.
Example- 10001,101010
 A computer can be programmed to
understand many different computer
languages, but there is only one
language understood by computer
without using a translation program.
 This Language is called Machine Level
Language or language of computer.
Machine language instruction format
It has two parts:

 OPCODE (operation code)- tells the
computer what function to perform.
 OPERAND- tells computer where to
find or store the data or instruction
which are to be manipulated.
Limitation of Machine level language
 Machine dependent.
 Difficult to program.
 Error prone- tough to remember
opcodes.
 Difficult to modify.
Assembly Language
 A Language which allows instruction
and storage location to be
represented by letters and symbols,
instead of numbers is called
Assembly Language.
 A program written in An assembly
language is called an assembly
language program.
Merits of Assembly Language over
Machine Language
 It uses alpha numeric codes instead of
numeric codes for instructions. e.g.-
We use ADD instead of ‘1110’ for the
instruction to Add.
 It allows Storage Location to be
represented in the form of
Alphanumeric address instead of
numeric address. e.g.- memory
location 1000,1001,1002 may be
represented as FIRST, SCND, ANSR.
Merits of Assembly Language over
Machine Language
 It provides additional instructions,
called pseudo instructions in instruction
set.
e.g.- pseudo instruction tell things like:-
START program AT 0000
START data AT 1000
SET ASIDE an address for FRST
SET ASIDE an address for SCND
Assembler
 An assembler is a system software which
translates an assembly language into its
equivalent machine language.
 A computer can directly execute only
machine language program, which use
numbers for representing instructions and
storage locations.
 So assembly language program must be
converted into its equivalent machine
language program.
 This translation is done with the help of
Translator program known as ASSEMBLER.
Advantages of Assembly Language
 Easier to understand and use.

 Easier to modify.
 Easy to locate and correct errors.
Disadvantages of assembly
language
 Machine Dependent
 Knowledge of hardware is required.
 Machine level coding- all instruction
are still written at machine code
level.
 Writing machine code is still time
consuming.
High Level Language
 High level language were designed to
overcome the limitations of low level
languages (Machine language &
Assembly language).
 High level enabled the use of
computers to solve problems even by
non experts.
Characteristic of High Level
language
 It is machine independent.
 It do not require the programmers to
know anything about the internal
structure of computer on which program
will be executed.
 It do not deal with the machine Level
coding.
 They deal with the high level coding
enabling the programmer to write
instruction using ENGLISH words and
familiar symbol & expression.
Compiler
 High level language must be
converted into its equivalent machine
language program, before it is
executed.
 This translation is Done by translator
program known as COMPILER.
 Compiler is program which translates
High level language into its
equivalent machine language
program.
Compiler
 A compiler can translate only those
source programs which have been
written in the language for which the
compiler is meant. E.g.- FORTRAN
compiler is only capable of translating
source program written in FORTRAN.
 So each computer requires separate
compiler for each high level language
it supports.
Interpreter
 It is also used to translate High
Level language to Machine Level
Language.
 But it takes one statement at a
time, translates its and immediately
executes the resulting machine
language instruction.
 It translate 1 instruction at a time.
Interpreter
Advantage of HIGH level Language
 Machine Independent
 Easier to learn & Use.
 Very less errors.
 Low program preparation cost.
 Saves time.
 Better documentation.
 Easy to maintain.
Disadvantages of High level
Language
 Low efficiency- as it first convert

into machine language then
executed.
Example of High level Language
 Fortran
 Cobol
 Pascal
 C
Fourth generation language
 It is also known as non-procedural
language.
 These languages consists of a variety of
programming languages that enable users
to specify the result they want, while the
computer determines the sequence of
instruction that will accomplish those
result.
 Fourth generation language simplify and
accelerates software development as well
as reduce programming errors.
Example of fourth generation
language
 SQL – Standard Query Language

 PROLOG: an artificial intelligence
language that applies rules to data to
arrive at solutions.
 Java
Object oriented Language
 An object in object oriented programming
language consist of data and the actions
that can be performed on the data.
 OOP language are distinguished from
other language as they combine data and
procedures into objects, whereas the
other programming language separates
data from the procedures or actions that
are to be performed on them.
 Examples: JAVA, C++.
Any Questions?
Questions
 What is assembly language? What are its
advantages over Machine Language?
 What are the characteristic features of
high level language. What are its
advantages over Low Level Languages?
 Write short notes on:
 Assembler
 Compiler
 Interpreter

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Information Technology

In this session you will learn:

It has two parts:

 Easier to understand and use.

 Low efficiency- as it first convert

 SQL – Standard Query Language

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